The sustainability of livelihoods of female-headed households : a case study of Zamdela, Sasolburg

Abstract

For many years, poverty relief theories and efforts had a single-dimensional focus aimed at the rural majority of the population. With urbanisation, a need arose for more urban-orientated poverty approaches. The shift from rural to urban brought about a change in lifestyle, needs and livelihoods requiring a shift from a "one solution fits all" approach to a multi-dimensional approach to poverty where individuals' unique experiences of poverty are acknowledged. Searching for unique solutions to individual poverty experiences researchers adopted participatory research methods like the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA). The Oxfam Sustainable Livelihoods Approach toolkit was selected to investigate the sustainability of the livelihoods of female-headed households in Zamdela, Sasolburg. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with sixteen participants and the interviews were followed by a single group session. Various other participatory tools were also used to gain a better understanding of the livelihoods of females who experience poverty. The study found that a lack of diversity in income portfolios and a dependency on social grants weakened the sustainability of household livelihoods. Support in entrepreneurial activities is suggested as a strategy to diversify and strengthen livelihoods portfolios. Relying on credit and social networks, especially networks from church were identified as the strongest coping strategies during emergencies. From the five SLA assets or capitals social and human assets emerged as the strongest among the participants. This study was an investigation into individual experiences of people living in poverty. Understanding the individual experience with its strengths and weaknesses allows for specific solutions for each experience. Common strengths such as the value of vegetable gardens emerged from the study, and therefore it is a possible livelihood strategy that can be promoted for the urban poor in general. Religious assets and burial societies were identified as the two most popular social institutions relied upon. Further studies into the role of these institutions in the livelihoods of particularly females are recommended. Further studies are also recommended on the diversification of low-income female-headed households' livelihoods portfolios.