Understanding negation in Zimbabwean sign language: a focus on grammatical and non-manual markers.

Abstract

This study explores negation in Zimbabwean Sign Language (ZSL), addressing the limited documentation of African sign languages. Using qualitative analysis of dialogues, discourse, and folklore, I examine how manual and non-manual features combine to express negation. Findings show ZSL employs manual signs (e.g., NO, NOT) paired with obligatory non-manual markers like headshakes, lowered eyebrows, and squinted eyes. Syntactic flexibility allows negation pre-or post-verbally, influenced by SOV word order, though headshakes remain obligatory across clauses. Unique ZSL features include bound negative morphemes (e.g., HAVE NOT) and formal-informal sign variants shaped by context and pragmatics. Comparative analysis reveals overlaps with ASL, SASL, and BSL but highlights ZSL's distinctiveness, such as grammatical non-manual negation and facial reinforcement of inherently negative signs (e.g., WRONG). The study challenges generalisations from dominant sign language typologies, advocating for deeper investigation ofunderstudied languages to refine cross-linguistic theories. By detailing ZSL's negation system, the research contributes to linguistic typology, enhances understanding of ZSL grammar, and underscores the need for language-specific studies to prevent overgeneralisation. It also emphasises implications for deaf education and policy in Zimbabwe, urging pedagogical approaches aligned with ZSL's structural nuances. This work underscores the necessity of recognising regional sign languages' unique features in both academic research and educational frameworks, promoting linguistic diversity and culturally responsive practices.