Diversity and distribution of anuran blood parasites within the Vhembe Biosphere

Abstract

The Soutpansberg mountain range, the most northern mountain range in South Africa, forms part of the Vhembe Biosphere Reserve, a highly diverse region comprising at least three biomes and 23 different vegetation types. Furthermore, this area is known for its distinct biotypes, boasting a rich faunal and floral diversity. It is estimated that the Soutpansberg harbours at least 35 species of anurans. Additionally, anurans are known to host a variety of intra- and extracellular blood parasites, however, no data is currently available for the diversity and distribution of anurans and their blood parasites from within Soutpansberg mountain range. Thus, the aims of the present study were to document and compare the biodiversity and distribution of anurans and their associated blood parasites across the Soutpansberg mountain range. For monitoring anurans both active and passive sampling techniques were utilised. The mountain range was divided into three transects in which the species abundance and compositions was determined. Blood samples were collected, prepared, and screened for the presence of haemoparasites from 387 individual frogs. Molecular characterisation and phylogenetic analysis were conducted for positive samples. Overall, 89% (31/35) of expected anuran species were observed of which blood samples were collected from 11 families, 18 genera and 25 species of anuran. A total of 10% (38/387) of the anuran specimens were found infected within 20% (5/25) of the frog species observed. This includes trypanosomatids, haemogregarines, haemociccidians and filarial nematodes. Trypanosoma and Hepatozoon spp. accounted for the most infections, and Neofoleyellides and Lankesterella-like species with the least abundance. These results demonstrate a diverse parasite community across the Soutpansberg providing insight to understanding the diversity and distribution of South African anuran blood parasites.