Pheroid℗ technology as a tool to change the administration route of selected pharmaceuticals from intravenous to oral

Abstract

The Pheroid® drug delivery system can change the route of administration from the parenteral route to the oral route. This system is therefore investigated as a safe alternative formulation that can also contribute to better patient compliance. Pheroid® technology is currently on the verge of being applied in the clinical environment and an in-depth evaluation of this system’s toxicity is provided as an original research article (submitted to Toxicology Reports). This is a prerequisite for any registration as a new pharmaceutical entity. The oral formulation of 99mTechnetium methyl diphosphonate demonstrated potential in previous evaluations in Sprague Dawley rats as an alternative to intravenous injections of this radiopharmaceutical. This radiopharmaceutical was selected for evaluation based on clinical need (providing bone scans to patients contra-indicated for injections) as well as the high availability of 99mTc as radiotracer. A clinical trial was designed as a hybrid Phase I/II clinical trial with 16 volunteers. The trial was performed according to Good Clinical Practise regulations, and three patients were enrolled before the study was terminated due to lack of efficacy. Valuable information regarding the Pheroid® delivery system was gained and this application of Pheroid® will be refined and pursued further in the future. A review article is provided (submitted to the Journal of Controlled Release) regarding the application of drug delivery systems in nuclear medicine. This article provides insight into the shortcomings of nuclear medicine that can be addressed by the utilization of drug carrier systems such as Pheroid®. A preclinical evaluation of the pharmacokinetics (for a 5 hour period) as well as a basic toxicology analysis, of oral insulin (entrapped in Pheroid®) was performed on Cynomolgus monkeys. Insulin was formulated in pro-Pheroid® capsules as well as a Pheroid® emulsion and administered through the oral route. The efficacy was evaluated based on a drop in blood glucose levels. A blood clinical biochemistry analysis was also performed to gain information regarding the physiological impact of this system (with the entrapped insulin). The pro-Pheroid® formulations lacked efficacy, but the Pheroid® emulsion was effective and demonstrated a longer-acting effect when compared to the short acting subcutaneous control insulin. The positive results gained in this study indicate that further investigations should be launched. This thesis successfully demonstrated the safety of the Pheroid® delivery system for future applications, provided a summary regarding the nuclear application thereof and showed potential in second non-rodent model for the insulin Pheroid® formulation. Die Pheroid® geneesmiddelafleweringssisteem kan die roete van toediening van die parenterale roete tot orale roete verander. Hierdie sisteem word ondersoek as ʼn veilige alternatiewe formulering wat ook kan bydrae tot beter pasiënte aanvaarding van terapie. Pheroid® tegnologie is op die punt van implementering in die kliniese omgewing en ʼn in diepte evaluering van die sisteem se toksisiteit word verskaf as oorspronklike navorsingings artikel (ingestuur vir publikasie aan Toxicology Reports). Die toets van toksisiteit is ʼn voorvereiste vir enige registrasie as ʼn nuwe farmaseutiese entiteit. Die orale formulering van 99mTechnetium metieldifosfonaat in Pheroid® het voorheen in pre-kliniese toetse in Sprague Dawley rotte om ʼn effektiewe alternatief te wees vir intraveneuse inspuitings van hierdie radioaktiewemerker. Hierdie merker was gekies vir evaluasie op grond van kliniese aspekte (verskaf been skanderings aan pasiënte gekontradikteer vir intraveneuse toedienings bv. pediatriese pasiënte) asook die hoë beskikbaarheid van hierdie isotope (99mTc) in Suid-Afrika. Die kliniese proef was ontwerp as ʼn hibried fase I/II kliniese proef met 16 pasiënte wat gewerf moes word. Good Clinical Practise standaarde was gevolg en drie pasiënte het deelgeneem aan die proef tot die voortydige staking as gevolg van ʼn tekort aan effektiwiteit. Waardevolle inligting was gedurende hierdie evaluasie bekom en hierdie toepassing van Pheroid® sal verfyn en verder nagevolg word in die toekoms. ʼn Opsommende artikel (ingedien aan die Journal of Controlled Release) oor die toepassing van geneesmiddel afleweringssisteme in kerngeneeskunde word ook verskaf. Hierdie artikel beskryf die tekortkominge van kerngeneeskunde wat deur die toepassing van geneesmiddel draers soos Pheroid® opgelos kan word. ʼn Prekliniese evaluering van orale insulien (vasgevang in Pheroid®) was uitgevoer op Cynomolgus primate vir ʼn tydperk van 5 ure, asook ʼn basiese toksikologie analise. Hierdie hoofstuk word ook voorgedra as ʼn oorspronklike navorsingsartikel. Insulien was geformuleer in pro-Pheroid® kapsules asook ʼn Pheroid® emulsie en was toegedien deur die orale roete. Die effektiwiteit was gevalueer deur na die verlaging in bloedglukosevlakke te kyk. ʼn Evaluasie van die bloed se kliniese biochemie eienskappe was gedoen om verdere inligting te verskaf aangaande die fisiologiese effek van hierdie formulering (met die inuslien geïnkorporeer in Pheroid®. Die pro-Pheroid® formulering het nie effektiwiteit getoon nie, maar die Pheroid® emulsie was effektief en het ʼn langwerkende effek getoon in vergelyking met die kortwerkende subkutaneuse kontrole insulien. Die postiewe resultate wat in hierdie studie verkry is dui aan dat verdere ondersoeke onderneem moet word. Hierdie tesis het die veiligheid van Pheroid® bewys vir toekomstige toepassings daarvan, het ekstra inligting verskaf aangaande die kerngeneeskunde toepassing van Pheroid® asook potensiaal demonstreer in ʼn tweede nie-knaagdier model van die insulien Pheroid® formulering.