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    A service quality framework for the Botswana hospitality sector

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    Date
    2017
    Author
    Musikavanhu, Gwinyai Mercy
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    Abstract
    The aim of this study is to propose a service quality framework for the Botswana hospitality sector. This study was driven by a need to address the challenge of poor service quality currently being faced by the hospitality sector in Botswana. Botswana’s hospitality sector is still in its infancy stage and is largely underdeveloped. For the hospitality sector, being competitive is a must in order to remain in business and achieve excellent service quality. The aim of this study was achieved by addressing the following set of objectives. The first objective was to review literature on service quality, its models and instruments used to measure service quality. This was important in order to understand the concept of service quality. Fifteen models of general service quality and five models of hospitality service quality were reviewed in Chapter 2 and the results revealed that the SERVQUAL Gap Model and SERVQUAL instrument were the ones that had been mostly used in previous research. The SERVQUAL instrument was then adapted in developing an instrument for the measurement of service quality for the Botswana context. The second objective was to review literature on the application of the SERVQUAL instrument. This objective was achieved in Chapter 2. The reviewed literature indicated that the SERVQUAL instrument has been widely applied in research on service quality in the services sector. However, the literature also shows that there has been little research on service quality in the hospitality sector of Botswana. The reading of literature indicates that research on service quality cannot be generalised as findings are affected by the settings, time, demographics and geographical area. In addition, studies show that management, employee and customer expectations and perceptions of service quality have not been the same for previous researches and management usually rate their expectations and perceptions higher than what their customers perceive. Research on service quality in the Botswana context has been focused on customers’ expectations and or perceptions only, hence the need to evaluate management and employee expectations and perceptions of service quality. The third objective was to identify the determinants of service quality on the hospitality sector of Botswana. This objective was achieved in Chapters 5 and 6. This was important as the literature reveals that the determinants of service quality may vary according to time, settings, demographics and geographical area. Furthermore, knowing the determinants from a Botswana perspective helped in the designing of the service quality framework. The fourth, fifth and sixth objectives were to evaluate the management, employees and customers expectations and perceptions of service quality in the Botswana hospitality sector. These objectives were achieved in Chapters 5 and 6. The results of the third, fourth, fifth and sixth objectives were also used in the development of the framework for service quality. The study design followed the pragmatist philosophy where the mixed methods approach was used for both data collection and data analysis. Two research instruments were used, one for the quantitative approach and one for the qualitative approach. The instrument for the quantitative approach was derived from the SERVQUAL instrument and other service quality instruments which were tested for validity and reliability by the researchers who constructed them. The instrument was validated using a pilot test. The qualitative instrument was derived from the literature reviewed by the researcher and also tested for face validity and content validity. Three samples were used for data collection. These samples were drawn from the restaurant managers, restaurant employees (waiters) and restaurant customers. The quantitative instrument was administered to all the three samples while the qualitative instrument was used for management and employees only. Homogeneous purposive sampling was used for the interviews. Homogeneous purposive sampling was also used for the employee survey and management survey while simple random sampling was used for the customer survey. The research sampled 55 restaurant managers, 52 restaurant employees and 138 restaurant customers in Gaborone which is the capital city of Botswana. The quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics, SPSS Pearson correlation analysis, standard multiple regression and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The qualitative data was analysed using simple descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. The study reveals that the main determinants of service quality for Botswana managers are informing the customers when exactly the service will be delivered, providing customers with the correct bill and variety of menu items. While the main determinants of service quality for the employees are helpfulness to customers, informingly the customers when exactly the service will be performed, clean furniture, serving food at the right temperatures, smiling at customers and correct billing. The main determinants of service quality for the customers are correct billing, delivery of services in time, quick service, neat appearing employees, greeting customers in a friendly manner, solving customers’ problems and variety in menu items. The results show that determinants are not exactly the same and this might be the reason for the low service quality in the sector hence, the need to appropriately frame these differences in order to achieve congruence in service provision. The results also indicate that age, length of employment and highest qualifications resulted in significant differences between the groups, suggesting a need to look into these differences in further studies. An evaluation of the expectations and perceptions of the three samples similarly revealed differences between their service quality expectations and perceptions. The study makes practical contributions especially for managers in the hospitality sector in the following manner: The study aids in providing ways of measuring and assessing service quality that can be used by management in the hospitality sector. The proposed service quality framework can be used as is or modified to the organisation and be used for the improvement of service quality by the hospitality organisation. The proposed framework provides guidelines that are important for the improvement of service quality in the Botswana’s hospitality sector. The framework shows the similarities and differences in the management’s, employees’ and customers’ perspectives of service quality. Knowing these gives hospitality managers a starting point of addressing areas of disparity in their organisations. Furthermore, the framework provides hospitality organisations and managers strategies such as service recovery, use of ISO 9000 informed standard operating procedures, marketing research orientation, benchmarking that can be implemented in order to improve service quality thus achieving service excellence. The study shows the importance of evaluating service quality from a holistic approach that is, integrating the perspectives of managers, employees and customers in order to avoid subjectivity that arises from using one perspective. Managers are advised to have organisational cultures that have a strategic orientation towards service quality in order to improve the service quality of their hospitality organisations. Service quality in the Botswana hospitality sector is an area that has had little research in Botswana. The study therefore, contributes to the literature on service quality from an African context and specifically a Botswana context. The assessment of the management and employee expectations and perceptions of service quality is new to the Botswana hospitality sector hence, the results aid in the literature on management and employees perceptions of service quality considering that the results of the study on these are different compared to previous studies. Generally management and employees rated their service quality expectations and perceptions lower as compared to previous studies where management rated theirs higher. The modified SERVQUAL instrument and the interview guides are tools that can be used in future studies of service quality in Botswana and possibly Africa’s hospitality sector. Die doelwit van hierdie studie was om ‘n dienskwaliteitsraamwerk vir die gasvryheidsektor van Botswana voor te stel. Die studie is deur ‘n behoefte gedryf om die uitdaging van swak dienskwaliteit te takel wat tans deur hierdie gasvryheidsektor in die gesig gestaar word. Genoemde sektor staan nog in sy kinderskoene en is grootliks onderontwikkel; dit sal egter kompeterend moet wees ten einde volhoubaar in die mark te bly en uitstekende dienskwaliteit te bereik. Die studie se doelwit is bereik deur die volgende stel oogmerke aan te pak: Die eerste oogmerk was om ‘n literatuuroorsig te doen van dienskwaliteit, modelle daarvan en instrumente wat gebruik word om dienskwaliteit te meet. Dit was belangrik ten einde die konsep van dienskwaliteit te verstaan. Vyftien modelle van algemene dienskwaliteit en vyf modelle van dienskwaliteit in die gasvryheidsbedryf is in Hoofstuk 2 beoordeel. Die resultate het aangetoon dat die SERVQUAL-gapingsmodel en SERVQUAL-instrument die modelle is wat die meeste in vorige navorsing gebruik is. Die SERVQUAL-instrument is toe aangepas om ‘n instrument te ontwikkel vir die meting van dienskwaliteit in die Botswana-konteks. Die tweede oogmerk was om ‘n literatuuroorsig van die SERVQUAL-instrument se toepassing te doen. Hierdie oogmerk is in Hoofstuk 2 bereik. Die bestudeerde literatuur het aangedui dat hierdie instrument in ruim mate toegepas is in navorsing oor dienskwaliteit in die dienssektor. Die literatuur toon egter ook aan dat daar min navorsing oor dienskwaliteit in die gasvryheidsektor van Botswana gedoen is. Met die bestudering van die literatuur was daar ‘n sterk aanduiding dat navorsing oor dienskwaliteit nie veralgemeen kan word nie, aangesien bevindinge deur omgewing, tyd, demografie en geografiese gebied beïnvloed word. Boonop toon studies aan dat bestuur, werknemers en kliënte se verwagtinge en persepsies van dienskwaliteit nie dieselfde in vorige navorsing was nie en dat bestuur hulleself gewoonlik hoër skat as wat hulle kliënte hulle evalueer. Aangesien navorsing oor dienskwaliteit in die Botswana-konteks slegs op kliënte se verwagtinge en/of persepsies gefokus het, bestaan daar die behoefte om bestuur en werknemers se verwagtinge en persepsies van dienskwaliteit te evalueer. Die derde oogmerk was om die dienskwaliteitsdeterminante van Botswana se gasvryheidsektor te identifiseer. Hierdie oogmerk is in Hoofstukke 5 en 6 bereik. Dit was belangrik, aangesien die literatuur aangetoon het dat die dienskwaliteitsdeterminante kan verskil, afhangende van omgewing, tyd, demografie en geografiese gebied. Kennis van die determinante vanuit ‘n Botswana-perspektief het ook gehelp om die dienskwaliteitsraamwerk te skep. Die vierde, vyfde en sesde oogmerke was om die bestuur, werknemers en kliënte se verwagtinge en persepsies van dienskwaliteit in die gasvryheidsektor van Botswana te evalueer. Hierdie oogmerke is in Hoofstukke 5 en 6 bereik. Die resultate van die derde, vierde, vyfde en sesde oogmerke is ook gebruik in die ontwikkeling van die dienskwaliteitsraamwerk. Die studieontwerp het die pragmatiese filosofie gevolg waarin die gemengdemetode-benadering gebruik is vir beide die dataversameling en data-ontleding. Twee navorsingsinstrumente is gebruik – een vir die kwantitatiewe en een vir die kwalitatiewe benadering. Die instrument vir die kwantitatiewe benadering is ontleen aan die SERVQUAL- en ander dienskwaliteitsinstrumente wat vir geldigheid en betroubaarheid getoets is deur die navorsers wat hulle opgestel het. Die instrument is geldig verklaar deur van ‘n loodstoets gebruik te maak. Die kwalitatiewe instrument is uit die literatuur ontleen wat deur die navorser bestudeer is en is ook vir uiterlike en inhoudsgeldigheid getoets. Drie steekproewe is vir dataversameling gebruik. Hierdie steekproewe is uit die restaurantbestuurders, -werknemers (kelners) en -kliënte geneem. Die kwantitatiewe instrument is op al drie die steekproewe toegepas, maar die kwalitatiewe instrument is slegs vir bestuur en werknemers gebruik. Homogene doelbewuste steekproefneming is vir die onderhoude, asook vir die werknemers- en bestuursondersoek, gebruik, maar eenvoudige ewekansige steekproefneming is vir die kliënte-opname gebruik. Die navorsing se steekproef het bestaan uit 55 restaurantbestuurders, 52 restaurantwerknemers en 138 restaurantkliënte in Gaborone, die hoofstad van Botswana. Die kwantitatiewe data is geanaliseer deur van beskrywende statistiek, SPSS, Pearson se korrelasieanalise, standaard meervoudige regressie en variansieanalise (ANOVA) gebruik te maak. Die kwalitatiewe data is geanaliseer deur van eenvoudige beskrywende statistiek en tematiese analise gebruik te maak. Die studie toon aan dat die hoofdeterminante van dienskwaliteit vir Botswana se bestuurders is om die kliënte in te lig oor presies wanneer die diens gelewer sal word, om kliënte van die korrekte rekening te voorsien en om ‘n verskeidenheid van items op die spyskaart beskikbaar te stel. Die hoofdeterminante van dienskwaliteit vir die werknemers is om behulpsaam teenoor die kliënte te wees, om die kliënte in te lig oor presies wanneer die diens gelewer sal word, om te sorg dat die meubels skoon is, om voedsel teen die korrekte temperatuur te bedien, om vir kliënte te glimlag en om korrekte rekeninge te verskaf. Die hoofdeterminante van dienskwaliteit vir die kliënte is dat daar geen foute met die rekening moet wees nie, dat dienste betyds gelewer moet word, vinnige diens, dat werknemers netjies moet voorkom, dat kliënte op ‘n vriendelike wyse gegroet moet word, dat kliënte se probleme opgelos moet word en dat daar ‘n verskeidenheid van items op die spyskaart moet wees. Die resultate toon aan dat die determinante nie presies dieselfde in al die gevalle is nie, wat dan ook die rede vir die lae dienskwaliteit in die sektor kan wees. Daar is gevolglik ‘n behoefte om hierdie verskille op ‘n geskikte wyse te formuleer ten einde ooreenstemming in dienslewering te bereik. Die resultate dui ook daarop dat ouderdom, lengte van diens en hoogste kwalifikasies beduidende verskille tussen die groepe veroorsaak het, wat daarop dui dat daar ‘n behoefte bestaan om hierdie verskille in verdere studies na te vors. ‘n Evaluasie van die verwagtinge en persepsies van die drie steekproewe het ook soortgelyke verskille tussen hulle verwagtinge en persepsies van dienskwaliteit aangetoon. Die volgende praktiese bydraes, veral van belang vir bestuurders in die gasvryheidsektor, word deur hierdie studie gelewer: Die studie help om maniere te verskaf waarop dienskwaliteit gemeet en beoordeel kan word, wat dan deur bestuur in die gasvryheidsektor gebruik kan word. Die voorgestelde dienskwaliteitsraamwerk kan net so gebruik word, maar ook gewysig word om by die organisasie te pas en deur die gasvryheidsorganisasie gebruik te word vir die verbetering van dienskwaliteit. Die raamwerk verskaf riglyne wat belangrik is vir die verbetering van dienskwaliteit in Botswana se gasvryheidsbedryf; dit dui die ooreenkomste en verskille aan in die bestuur, werknemers en kliënte se perspektiewe op dienskwaliteit. Kennis hiervan gee aan gasvryheidsbestuurders ‘n vertrekpunt om die areas te takel waar daar verskille in hulle organisasies bestaan. Die raamwerk verskaf ook strategieë aan gasvryheidsorganisasies en -bestuurders, byvoorbeeld diensherstelling, die gebruik van ISO 9000-gebaseerde standaardbedryfsprosedures, oriëntering van bemarkingsnavorsing, en normering wat geïmplementeer kan word ten einde dienskwaliteit te verbeter en sodoende diensuitnemendheid te behaal. Die studie toon die belangrikheid aan van dienskwaliteitsevaluasie vanuit ‘n holistiese benadering, met ander woorde integrasie van die perspektiewe van bestuurders, werknemers en kliënte om die subjektiwiteit te vermy wat uit ‘n enkele perspektief ontstaan. Bestuurders word aangeraai om organisatoriese kulture te kweek wat ‘n strategiese oriëntasie ten opsigte van dienskwaliteit bevat ten einde die dienskwaliteit van hulle gasvryheidsorganisasies te verbeter. Dienskwaliteit in die Botswana-gasvryheidsektor is ‘n veld waarin daar nog min navorsing in Botswana gedoen is. Die studie lewer dus ‘n bydrae tot die literatuur oor dienskwaliteit vanuit ‘n Afrika-konteks en spesifiek ‘n Botswana-konteks. Die bepaling van bestuur en werknemers se verwagtinge en persepsies van dienskwaliteit is iets nuuts vir die gasvryheidsektor van Botswana. Die resultate dra dus by tot die literatuur oor bestuur en werknemers se persepsies van dienskwaliteit as in ag geneem word dat die resultate van die studie oor hierdie aspekte van dié van vorige studies verskil. Oor die algemeen het bestuur en werknemers hulle verwagtinge en persepsies van dienskwaliteit laer geëvalueer as wat bestuur hulleself in vorige studies geëvalueer het. Die gewysigde SERVQUAL-instrument en die onderhoudsriglyne is nutsmiddele wat in toekomstige studies oor dienskwaliteit in Botswana, en moontlik Afrika, se gasvryheidsektor gebruik kan word.
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/10394/26356
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    • Economic and Management Sciences [4593]

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