'fHE LAND RESTITUTION POLICY PROGRAMME AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE NORTH WEST PROVINCE: THE CASE OF HARTEBEESLAAGTE AND SWA RTRAND (MOGOPA) IN THE EASTERN DISTRICT (SOUTH AFRICA) 1111111 1111111111 11111 lllll 11111 11111 11111 111111111111111111 060043716R BY North-West University Mafikeng Campus Library JOHANNES KELEBOGILE MOLWANA BAEd, University ofNorth-West B Soc Sc Hons (Development Studies) University ofNorth-West DISSERTATION SUBMJTIED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF ARTS IN LAND REFORM AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE FACUL1 Y OF HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES,NORTH-WESTUNIVERSITY b \s3·S,i\. LIBRARY M.~Fl~ ENG CAMPUS APRIL 2005 Call No.:11-{ ~'& 6\le;~ ~ ~ f 2014 -08- 0 4 f)loL SUPERVISOR: PROF. H.O. KAYA A c c. No.: "' ooa:tH-t1-EST UN~VERSITY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My special thanks go to my supervisor Professor H.O. Kaya, for his incisive and stimulating comments, his readiness to assist, and fruitful suggestions given at every stage in the preparation of this study. To the Department of Land Affairs in Mafik.eng and Mr. Bradley Makipi, my heartfelt thanks for the information on land restitution. To Trac Mafikeng and Ms Kelebogile Makalela, also my thanks for their contribution. I would also like to thank Mr. Pule Mohutsiwa who is like a community developer in our suburb. Mr. Andrew Pooe and the community at large are being acknowledged for their support. My gratitude also goes to Mpho Motswiri who tirelessly edited part ofthis study. I am grateful to my wife, Brenda Molwana, without whose love, strength and encouragement I would not have been where I am today. Lastly, my heartfelt gratitude to the Almighty God who provided me with the fortitude to persevere successfully through my academic endeavours. I am not leaving out my ancestors whose memories kept me pushing on and on. I DECLARATION "I declare that the above dissertation for the degree of Master of Arts in Land Reform and Rural Development at the University of North-West hereby submitted, has not previously been submitted by me for a degree at this or any other University, that it is my own work in design and execution and that sources and material herein have been duly acknowledged". Sign.ed: Johannes Kelebogile Molwana 11 ABSTRACT The study looked at the role played by the Land Restitution in the socio-economic development of the Mogopa villagers in the village now called Eastern District of North West Province. The investigation of the land reform was viewed in terms of addressing the imbalances in land ownership and the untenable situation of forced removal of the Ba-Mogopa people from their land (Mogopa) and forcibly dumped at Pachsdraai government camp by government beaurocrats. The key findings of the investigation revealed that after concerted efforts and much political persuasion, the Bakwena Ba-Mogopa community were finally given back their land and were resettled at Mogopa between Swartrand farm and Hartebeeslaagte farm in 1991. The study recommended that the government should promote rural development in land- restituted communities in order to improve the standards of living of the people. The goal of the land restitution policy here was to restore land to people dispossessed by racially discriminatory legislation in such a way as to provide support to the vital process of reconciliation, reconstruction and development. lll TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgement ... .... .............. ................. . ...... . ......................... .. . ... ... . .i Declaration .. ...... ....... ....... ......... .... . . ... .... ......... ..... .. ...... .......... ..... ..... ... .ii Abstract ............................................................................................. iii Contents ............................................................................................. iv List of tables ........................................................................................v iii Abbreviation ....................................................................................... .ix CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................. 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem . ..... .. ....... ....... . ....... .. . .... . ........... . . ........... .. .. 7 1.3 Rational of the Study ...... .... .... .......... .. ....... ....... ...... . .................. ......7 1.4. Aim of the Study . ..... .... .... .. ........ .................. .............. ... ........ . ........7 1.5 Objectives of the Study .....................................................................7 1.6 Literature Review . ... ...... ... ... ....... ..... ................. . ............ ................ . 8 1.6.1 Theoretical Perspectives ........ .. ............ ........ .. .. .. ........ ..... ..... ... ..... .... 14 1. 7. Hypothesis .................................................................................. 15 IV 1.8 Significance of the Study ................................................................. 16 1.9 Methodology ................................. . .................... .. ...................... .17 1.10 Study Area ................................................................................. 17 1.11 Subjects ................................................................................... .. 17 1.12 Procedure ................................................................................... 18 1.13 Ethical Consideration . .... .......................... .... ................................ .. 18 1.14 Data Analysis .............................................................................. 18 1.15 Limitations of the Study .................................................................. 19 1.16 Organisation of the Final report ......................................................... 19 CHAPTER TWO THE DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESPONDENT COMMUNITY MEMBERS 2.1 Gender ............ ... ........................................................................2 1 2.2 Age ..................... ......... ................................... ..... .. ........... ....... 22 2.3 Marital Status ........................................... . ........................ ..... ..... 23 2.4 Educational Level .............................................................. .. .........2 5 2.5 Occupational Status .......................................................................2 6 V CHAYfER THREE TI-IE ROLE OF LAND RESTITUTION ON TI-IE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN TI-IE STUDY AREA 3 .1 Constitutional Land Rights of the Mogopa Community .... ... ... ....... .... ... ......2 9 3.2 Land Claims Settlement and Development Campaigns ..... . ..... . ....... ... ..... .. . 31 3.3 Self-development Programmes ......................................................... .32 CHAPTER FOUR MEASURES TAKEN BY THE NORTH WEST PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT TO ENSURE THAT LAND RESTITUTION CONTRIBUTES TO RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN TI-IE STUDY AREA. 4.1 Government's land restitution and provision of social services .... .. . .... ... .......3 4 4.2 Limitation of the Government measures in promoting rural development . .. .. .... 36 CHAPTER FIVE THE ATTITUDES OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES TOWARDS THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LAND RESTITUTION 5.1 Forced removal of the Mogopa Community ............................... . ........ .. .38 5.2 Negative consequences of the forced removal ......... . ...... ..... .. ................. .39 5.3 The role of the new government ...................... . ...... . ................. . ..... .. .. 40 VI 5.4 History and celebration of the return to the land: Transvaal Rural ................. .42 Action Committee (TRAC), Press briefing, 1991 5.5 The return of expropriated land and development .................................... .42 CHAPTER SIX CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 Conclusions ................................................................................. 44 6.2 Recommendations ......................................................................... 45 References .............................. .. ............................................. . ........... . . 4 7 Appendix ........................................................................................ 51-61 Appendix A .........................................................................................6 2 Appendix B ..........................................................................................6 3 Vll LIST OF TABLES 2.1 Percentage Gender Distribution of Respondents Community Members ... .. ....... 22 2.2 Percentage Age-group Distribution of Respondents Community Members . .... . .. . . .. ...... .. . .. .. . .. . .... ... ... ............ .......... . ... . ....... .. ...... ... .2 3 2.3 Percentage Distribution of Marital Status of Respondents Community Members . . . .... . . .. .. . . ...... . ... .. ... .. ... . . . ............ .. .. .. . . .. . .......... .. . . . ... . ....... .. 24 2.4 Percentage Distribution of Educational Level of Respondents Community Members . . .. . .. ..... ... . .. . .... . . . . .... ... . . .. ... ... .. . . . ...... ............ ... ................ . .2 6 2.5 Percentage Distribution of Occupational Status of Respondents Community Members .. .. . ... .. . . . . .. ... . . . .... . ... .. . ... . . . ... . .. .. . .............. . .... . . . .... ... ... . . . . . . . .2 7 3.1 Percentage Distribution of Systems of Land Ownership of Respondents Community Members in Mogopa . . . .. . . . .. .. . ..... .. . . .. . ....... .. ...... . .... ... ... . ... .. . 30 3 .2 Percentage Distribution of Annual Income of the Respondents Community Members of Mogopa . .. ........ . . . . . ........... . . . .... . . . . ... ........ . . . .. . ..... . . .. ... .. . . .. 33 4.1 Percentage Distribution of the Measures Taken By the North West Provincial Government of the Respondents Community Members in Mogopa ........ .... ...... 36 5 .2 Percentage Distribution of Satisfaction by the Respondents Community Members Concerning Government Assistance ......................... . ...... .. .. . ..... .. ... . .... . .. .41 Vlll ABBREVIATIONS 1. I.D.P. Integrated Development Planning 2. I.S.R.D.: Integrated Sustainable Rural Development 3. S.A.L.R.P.: South African Land Restitution Policy 4. C.R.L.P.: Commission on Restitution of Land Rights 5. N.G.O.: Non-Governmental Organization IX CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. Background Land is a national asset in South Africa. its ownership and control as well as apportionment of its products were central in the struggle for national liberation. The land question is therefore of crucial importance in the solution of problems facing South Africa in the post apartheid era (Cooper 1990). The land question in South Africa cannot be limited to agriculture alone because it is central to the development of all the sectors of society including finding solutions to the racial conflicts inherited from the apartheid era. There is, therefore, the need for a democratic iand reform that will contribute to the development schemes, urban development, and improvement of the quality of life in respect of social justice. The problems surrounding land in South Africa. are the results of the dispossession of the indigenous African population in the South African population in South Africa by the Dutch and British Colonial administrations. This was enhanced by the Native Land Act (No. 27 of 1913) which entrenched territorial segregation between blacks and whites in the union of South Africa. 1 The 1936 Land Act resulted in the allocation of the country's best land to the whites who are less that 18% of the country's population and only 13% of the land to the blacks who comprise more than 75% of the country' s population (Lipton 1996). Another act that was in place was the Native Administration Act (Act No. 38 of 1927) which gave the Governor General as the supreme head of all black tribes within the union of South African powers to determine new tribal boundaries. He could order the removal of any tribe from any place to another within the union of South Africa. These acts were also passed to avail more land to whites so that they can practice commercial farming. The Native Trust and Land Act (Act No. 18 of 1936) took over the definition of scheduled areas from native land act and defined a further category of released areas, that could be transferred to the South African Development trust. According to this Act, the white owned farms totaled 77 million hectors and homelands made up only one million hectors. Following the division of land amongst the black and white in South Africa, the type of agriculture that existed was said to be bimodal, that is, it was of two types, the advanced capitalist sector which was also known as the white-subsistence sector while the sub- subsistence was known as the African Sub-subsistence Agriculture. In the advanced capitalist sector the white commercial agriculture occupies 87% of agricultural land and it contributes 11 % of the total value of exports compared to the mining industry. It also employs 11 % of labor and is export oriented. It has the ability to meet local food demands and can also accumulate surplus production. White commercial 2 agriculture has been restructured in the past decade and this is characterized by the concentration of the land in fewer hands of the rich farmers (Malharbe 1990). Consequent to the above paragraph, the subsistence agriculture occupied only 13% of the agricultural land it carries over 75% of the country's African population. As a result, the allocation of land to blacks cannot supply enough food for the rural population given its growth rate of 2,5% per annum. It also fails to absorb the labor resources and meet the basic needs. There is therefore the need for a rural development programme based on a popular and democratic land reform to improve the quality of life of rural African. The restitution policy towards rural development before 1994 tends not to cater various groups particularly blacks. In this case settlement became an afterthought. There was no integrated development planning for sustainable land restitution. This was because restitution was seen as a political tool for restitution of land to the disadvantaged and not as a sustainable programme (Cross 1997). Black communities were not encouraged to engage or practice commercial farming rather than encouraged continuing with subsistence farming. Thus betterment scheme and other forms of agriculture were barred to exist for sustainable use of resources. White farmers were subsidized through, "soft loans" by various financial institutions e.g. agribank. In 1994, the commission on Restitution of Land Rights was formed. The purpose of the commission was to restitute land to disadvantaged communities. Various regional Land 3 Claims Commissions were also formed in different provinces. These were tools used to speed restitution programme. To alleviate poverty and sustain land use government crune with various strategies and ISRDP and urban renewal programmes were developed as a mechanism to fight against poverty in the rural and urban areas. The South African Agrarian System, like many other agrarian system e.g. India, Taiwan and South Korea is characterized by extreme land holding inequality and a strict demarcation into two or three classes: the big land owning class, the peasantry or sharecropping class, and often the class of the landless laborers as well. According to Moll ( 1990) if land to the tiller reform had been implemented in South Africa in the early 20th century it may weil have been a success, both in terms of income distribution and raising output, but the mood moved in the opposite direction. However, De Klerk (1991) states that any post-apartheid government will face immense problems in reorganizing South Africa's rural areas. According to Skweyiya, real land redistribution presupposes the existence of a government willing to expropriate land on a large scale and allows millions of people access to it. In South Africa ANC's :freedom charter had made a proposal that land be given to those who work for it, in order to redress the economic and social inequalities runong the classes of the agrarian population. Moreover, the South African apartheid government created homelands and continued with its strategies in removing the black spots that involved the removal of millions of people in South Africa. From the former Transvaal and Cape Province, the so called homelands consolidation programme led to the removal of more than 17 000 people, 4 from these areas, to Bophuthatswana during its creation as an independent black state in 1977. However, there are three forms of land reform aimed at addressing the problems of the people particularly the blacks in relation to the issue of Land Restitution as one of them had its policy, which was to compensate or restore land to the people dispossessed by racially discriminatory legislation and practices. The policy aims to provide other restitution remedies in such a way as to support the vital process of reconciliation, reconstruction and development (Rural development framework, 1997). Following restitution as part of land reform. It was to take place in five various forms and that is: • The restoration of the land from which claimants were dispossessed. • Provision for alternative land. • Alternative relief comprising a combination of the above or • Priority access to government housing and land development programmes. Immediately after the land restitution was in place, the Land Rights Act (Act 22 of 1994) was approved by parliament and two institutions were established which were land claims commission and court. The land claims commission had its tasks which were to investigate and mediate all claims for the restitution of land and resolve this through negotiation. The Land Claim Commission had to draw up guidelines, procedures and requirements for the lodging of 5 land claims and other related matters. It was permissible for the claims to be lodged within a period of three years. By November 1997 the commission had received 22 404 claims by which 3 372 were rural claims and the rest urban claims (Rural and land digest, 1999). The Land Claims Court was responsible for adjudicating claims. It also receives the claims which the commission failed to mediate. These claims were referred to this court for a ruling. The court has a status of a high court. It is also responsible for determining restitution and compensation for those who lost land as a result of forced removals. The requirements of the court are that it must be accessible to the poor and illiterate. It must also establish process that will enable it to make speedy decisions. In order for the court to function effectively constitutional rights to restitute must be guaranteed (Adam, 1999). The study revolved around the forced land removal of Mogopa people from their ancestral land study area (Hartebeeslagte and Swartland) to apartheid government apportioned camp at Pachsdraai and the final new government facilitated restitution of the Ba-Mogopa to their indigenous land (Hartebeeslagte and Swartland). The statement of the problem was, therefore, formulated in the following research questions: 6 1.2 Statement of the Problem The statement of the problem was formulated in the following research questions: • What role does land restitution play in the socio-economic development of the study area? • What measures are taken by the North West Provincial Government to ensure that land restitution contributes to rural development in the study area? • What are the attitudes of the local communities in the study area towards the implementation of land restitution in their area? 1.3 Rationale of the Study The aim of this study was to look at the racial and unfair practice of forced land removal in the Mogopa study area and gauge the effort of the new government in respect of land restitution, reconstruction and socio- economic development of the rural people. 1.4. Aim of the Study To investigate the impact of land restitution on rural development in Mogopa 1.5. Objectives of the Study The study looks at the following specific aspects. 7 • The role-played by the land restitution in the socio-economic development of the Mogopa. • Measures that are taken by the North West Provincial Government to ensure that land restitution contributes to Rural Development in Mogopa. • The attitudes of the local communities in Mogopa towards the implementation of land restitution in their area 1.6 Literature Review Grinnel (1990:434) states that literature review helps the researcher by providing him or her with a basis and background for the study. Schrender (1995) concurs that literature review provides background on the area of interest in the study. Furthermore it helps the researcher to be better prepared to have a deeper insight and more complete knowledge of the problem he or she has chosen to investigate. Land has always been of vital interest to the black people and more especially to those on agriculture. Land restitution is important as it allows more opportunities for land use. This is because land restitution is defined as a reform of a right to land or a proportion of land dispossessed after June 1913 of past racially discriminatory laws or practices (Davis 1990). The South African Land Restitution Policy was to restore land and provide other restitution remedies to people dispossessed by the apartheid racially discriminatory legislation. The Restitution of Land Rights Acts of 1994 and the constitution provide a 8 legal framework for the solution of land claims against the state, and where possible, through negotiated settlements. However, the land claims court is responsible for adjudicating claims. Following the emergence of democratic South Africa in 1994 the new government through land restitution programme initiated measures to settle forcefully removed communities. In its endeavor to settle communities to their original lands, the government was faced with challenges, which hindered the restitution process (Moll 1990). In trying to address problems pertaining to land, a White Paper on South African Land Policy emerged in 1997 from a 1996 Green Paper which stated that targets were not feasible as the redistribution process was slow. However, the 1997 White Paper made provisions for virtually all forms of land acquisition and speeding up of land acquisition because by the end of 1997 only about 25 000 household were beneficiaries of the various methods ofland redistribution (Toulon 2000). The democratic government with its reconstruction and development programme put a great emphasis on land reform citing land as the most basic need for rural dwellers and aimed at redistributing 30% of agricultural land by 1999. Rural land related projects were implemented in 1997, improving the life of 20 224 small farmers and their families with a rapid delivery expected that year. 9 Policies were adopted to support land reform targeted for land redistribution, restitution (for those unjustly removed from their rural or urban land and tenure reform, along with various other technical supports and infrastructure services (Wilson 1997). The past government made life very difficult for blacks as the apartheid laws were successfully implemented to curb free movements from rural areas to urban areas. Blacks were only allowed to towns as temporary workers and were to leave town when they have completed their jobs. The Native Laws Amendment Act of 1937 and a series of pass laws made things difficult to the African as temporary workers to carry passes. Africans had also bad experience as they were from time to time removed forcefully in their areas of settlement, for example black farmers and pastorals were dispossessed of most of their land and this was done through armed conquest, spurious treaties and economic pressure. In 1984 the nationalist government instituted its policy of apartheid which led to the creation of Bantustants of self-governing homelands for the African population. This action paved way for the labor reserves for the white minority farms and mines. Within this period there was a massive scale of forced removals which took place. Stable communities were uprooted and compelled to settle in unsuitable areas. Within the period, that is between 1960 and 1985, more than 3,5 million were forcibly removed from one place to another (O' Meara 1995). Most Africans faced problems because of the pressure created by the land acts of 1936. in urban areas forced removals took place due to the laws of the group areas act. in the 1960's the South African government with its apartheid systems had succeeded in removing huge numbers of blacks from their places of origins and relocated them to other areas that were not in their interests. The system of relocation was carried throughout the country, that is, they were from Cape Town to Louis Trichardt and from Kuruman to KosiBay. The removal that took place in those areas was refe rred to as forced removals because of the unjust laws such as discriminatory and oppressive legislations which made things difficult for the black man. Blacks were also restricted to freedom of movements and access to land. The massive scale of forced removals and the enormous suffering that affected the black communities directly were some of the key issues that led to further development of apartheid. During the years 1960' s and 1980's blacks had their population in the Bantustan increased from 39,5% to 54% (Unterhalter 1990). There were also various mechanisms that were applied by the South African Government under the Nationalist Party. This made blacks to find themselves living in a crowded area. For example influx control was applied and it achieved tremendously by controlling the number of blacks coming to the urban areas. The nationalist state Constitution Act of 1970 passed certain laws that were to the disadvantage of the blacks as the crowded in settlements referred to as Bantustands. The nationalists government also achieved in putting blacks in isolation by granting, independence to them, which gave rise to the former Transkei, Ciskei, Bophuthatswana 11 and Venda By this action, the government completed the process of dispossession over the blacks (Leach 1996). The system of relocation did not only affect the blacks, small number of coloured people were also affected when the process of the relocation was carried out by the South African government. Eviction of fulltime workers who were considered redunt to the needs of the individual white farms were ordered off the land (Letsoalo 1991). Areas of tribal reserves that were considered to be badly situated were to be removed in terms of the policy developed in the 1970's. the informal settlement in the urban and peri- urban areas were also to be removed, apart from the influx control development scheme that included structures such as dams, roads and others (Bernstein 1992). Blacks were also removed from their areas due to the agricultural prospects, whereby game reserves were to be made and some practices of plantation. Removal was also at its worst stage when blacks were moved to make ways for the establishment of missile testing range, for example, in Northern Natal. Although the process of removal was carried throughout the country, there were differences in this matter. Others were political which included the deportation and banishment of individuals by the authority (Kotze 1995). However in the case of Bakubung of Ledig, the South African government used vanous methods to remove the people and these were, persuasion and intimidation, with persuasion the government started pursuing a policy of persuasion providing certain 12 facilities in the new areas that serves as incentives to lure the people to move. These included providing clinics and school eminities often lacking in the present place. At Molote, for instance, the doctor visited the place once a week, there was no clinic nor was there any secondary school. These facilities were held out as the immediate objectives of the government provided that the people agreed to move. Moreover, if the government failed with its incentives in trying to persuade the people to move voluntarily, the government resorts to coercive methods. The people were then threatened that if they do not move voluntarily, the government would remove them by force and in that case they stand to lose all compensation that would otherwise be paid to them (Motlhamme 1989). On the basis of the foregoing discussion the government of today with its policies seeks to address the problem of land by introducing the land restitution which gives people the right to land. This was made possible as the Schimidtsdrift Community Trust together with the ACLA lodged a claim which was then transferred to the commission in 1995. the Schimidtsdrift community was finally compensated with another land in Kuruman in 1968 (Ramphela 1991). Apart form the Schimidtsdrift community trust, the Kono Community Trust put forward their claims in respect of 12 farms in the Kuruman district from which they were removed in 1995. Many families, totaling 137, were taken out from their places of birth to another area situated about 30km away. Other families decided to move to Batlhaping 13 NWU LIBRARY section in Manyeding and Seweding. The removal led to the then division of the Kono which was divided into 9 purchased fanns. 1.6.1 Theoretical Perspectives: Conflict and Functionalist Perspectives Conflict perspective is offered here for a better understanding of the exploitation of the Mogopa community under the apartheid regime. Conflict is a central fact of society and each society such as the community of Ba-Mogopa did have to deal with the untenable problem of forced removal perpetrated by the apartheid regime. The Ba-Mogopa people forced up to this competitive struggle in terms of power relationship between the oppressed people and the government that was determined to oppress people on racial segregation As indicated above, all conflict perspectives use, in one form or another, there is the notion that there are groups in society that have different interests. Social arrangements will tend to benefit some groups (white people) at the expense of the oppressed black communities. Because of the existence of different interests, the potential for conflict is always present. Different groups pursuing their separate interests are likely to clash and produce some degree of instability in society (Haralambos, et al, 1993 :781 ). Conflict theorists, Adam Smith, Robert Malthus, Bodin, Hobbes and Mosca tend to agree that the existence of groups with different interests does not mean they will be in conflict all the time; there may be periods of truce, or it may be some social groups are persuaded that their interests are not different from those of other groups. Mosca argued that there is 14 a ruling class in every society which constantly tries to monopolise political power at the expense of the lower class. Conflict theories differ from functionalism in stressing the existence of competing groups, while functionalists stress cooperation between social groups (Haralambos, et al, 1993: 781). Conflict theories tend to be specific, restricted to the interrelationship between two or more units within society. Racial tension, class war, religious conflicts, strikes, protects, student power movements, revolutions, peasant uprisings. (as it is the case with the Ba Mogopa people). Although functionalists emphasize the importance of value consensus in society, they do recognize that conflict can occur. However, they see conflict as being the result of temporary disturbances in the social system. These disturbances are usually quickly corrected as society evolves (Abraham, 1982:106). 1.7. Hypothesis Land restitution seems to improve the socio-economic development of the people in the study area. Water provision, road construction, health clinics and installation of electricity were measures taken by the North West Government to ensure that Land Restitution contribute to Rural Development in the study area 15 The local community members are likely to support the Land Restitution Programme and rural development as integrated economic and social programme activities seek to transform rural society and thus provide a better and more secure livelihood for rural people in agriculture and off farm activities. 1.8 Significance of the Study The findings of this research will provide more information to land reform policy makers, Department of Land Affairs, academics, land reform students and researchers. Ba- Mogopa victims of forced land removals will also benefit as this study would have docwnented part of their history of deprivation. - The research findings will provide the Department of Agriculture and Land Affairs with the necessary information on the role of land restitution in rural development. - It will also provide information to restitution beneficiaries and other stakeholders on how restitution land can be used to encourage rural development in the affected areas. - Rural development also comes with the function of the school in the education situation. Apart from the parental home, the school is the principal social institution that the child is in contact with for any length of time in which the learner can acquire useful life-sustaining skills. 16 1.9 Methodology The researcher has provided a case study to investigate the impact of land restitution policy programme on rural development in the Mogopa area. The research strategy was chosen as it enabled the researcher to examine in detail a single incidence of forced removal of a social group including land restitution as a social action upon which this study is based. 1.10 Study Area Mogopa, is situated in the Ventersdorp area (Eastern District) in the North West Province This study focused on the Mogopa area due to the history of forced removal of the Bakwena Ba Mogopa community. The Mogopa study area is unique in the sence that the Ba-Mogopa people were forcibly removed from their ancestral land and dumped 100km away from their habitat only for the new government, through land restitution programme, saw to it that people got their land back. 1.11 Subjects Data was obtained from the following: Key people are important people in this study from which vital and reliable information relevant to the study was drawn. 17 Key persons such as the village chief and his tribal officials, village committee members and other stakeholders provided the historical background of the community as well as the government's role in the restitution of the land to its rightful owners. A stratified random sample of 40 respondents comprising 21 males and 19 females were drawn from a small community population to arrive at a fair and balanced view of both representativity of males and females. 1.12 Procedure A letter was obtained from the Department of Applied Social Science of the North West University for introduction of the researcher to respondents. 1.13 Ethical considerations The purpose of the study was explained to the respondents and how they would benefit from the research ·f inding. The respondents were assured that the information shall be kept confidential and that nobody shall be coerced to participate in the study. 1.14 Data Analysis The data collected were processed and analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative data such as the respondent's views and opinions were subjected to content 18 analysis whereas quantitative data (demographic profile of the respondent community) in statistical form were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis. 1.15 Limitations of the Study Some key community members were not readily available as most of them are employed in Johannesburg and Potchefstroom. It was only after repeated travels and much efforts on the part of the researcher that these people were finally located to make a list of 40 respondents. 1.16 Organisation of the Final Report Chapter One- Provides introduction, which includes background of the study, statement of the problem, rational of the study. Aim of the study, objectives of the study, literature review, hypothesis, significance of the study, methodology, limitations, ethical consideration and theoretical perspective. Chapter Two- Examines the demographic characteristics of the respondent community members. Chapter Three- Determines the role of Land Restitution on the socio-economic development in the study area. 19 Chapter Four- Focuses on the measures taken by the North West provincial Government to ensure that Land Restitution contributes to rural development in the study area. Chapter Five- Investigates on the attitudes of local communities towards the implementation of Land Restitution. Chapter Six- Offers recommendations and conclusions of the study. 20 CHAPTER TWO THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPIDC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESPONDENT COMMUNITY MEMBERS The forced removal of the Ba-Mogopa community to a fragile land area not suitable for proper infrastructural, pastoral and agricultural activities, was in contrast with rural development that is defined as improving living standards of the mass of low-income population residing in rural areas (Molokwe, 1998). The living standards is likely to be determined by an individuals age, sex, occupation and education. Therefore, the study on the demographic characteristics of the respondent community will enable us to have more information in their current existing living standards. 2.1 Gender Distribution The mass of low-income men and women, especially women who have been historically marginalized, were fairly considered together with their male counterparts in the land restitution programme in terms of improving their standard of living (White paper, South African Land Policy, 1998: 47). 21 Table 2.1 gives the percentage distribution of gender of respondent community members. Table 2.1 Percentage Gender Distribution of Respondent Community Members Sex Number Percentage Male 21 52 Female 19 48 Total 40 100 Table 2.1 shows that 52% of the respondent community members were males and 48% females who were engaged in the study as victims of the forced removal of the Ba- Mogopa community. 2.2 Age Distribution Age distribution of the above males and females is an important aspect in the determination of the available work force in a society or community such as the Bakwena ba Mogopa Age is an important demographic component which gives a particular point in one' s life and at which period of time one legally qualifies as an adult worker. 2.2 Gives the percentage distribution of age respondents community members. 22 Table 2.2 Percentage Age-group Distribution of Respondent Community Members Age Group Number Percentage 0-10 - - 11-20 2 5 21-30 5 12 31-40 10 25 41+ 23 58 Total 40 100 Table 2.2 shows that majority (58%) of the respondents were 41 years and above. Sixteen years and over, according to workforce regulation, is an acceptable benchmark for entry into labour work force. The distribution and growth patterns of various ages of the population are, therefore, of fundamental importance to this study. Mogopa community is characterized by different age ranges. Teenagers between 11 - 20 years represented 5%, youth between 21 - 30 years were 12%, 31 - 40 age group comprised 25%, while the age group 41 years and above made 58% of the subject studied. 2.3 Marital Status In traditional African societies, the family is a major source of community life and community perpetuation. Land restitution policy is meant; inter alia, to help promote 23 sustainability and stability to affected community and family life of married couples, children and the community at large. Table 2.3 gives the percentage distribution of marital status of respondent community members. An inductive pastoral and agricultural lifestyle as attempted by the Department of Land Affairs for families to prevent inter alia, migratory work force, is a stabilizing factor of family togetherness. 2.3 Give the percentage distribution of marital status of respondent community members. Table 2.3 Percentage Distribution of Marital Status of Respondent Community Members Marital status Number Percentage Single 10 25 Married 20 50 Divorced 4 10 Separated 4 10 Widowed 2 5 Total 40 100 Table 2.3 shows that the majority (50%) of the respondents were married. Men and women are complementary not only to themselves but also to the community they serve. Fulfillment can come only in a society that involves both committed males and females. This implies that marital status has a significant role in influencing rural development in Mogopa in terms of the living standard of the community. 24 2.4 Educational Level Hulme and Turner (1990) indicate that sociologists see mass education as an ideal way of inculcating people with attitudes and values appropriate for modernization. Education in Mogopa is a crucial factor ( or even precondition) for development, since it promotes economic growth and enables socialization of new members of society. Lack of education of the respondents may present a problem with regard to understanding key issues involved in land restitution and land reform policy. Taking into consideration that most of the related policies and procedures are reported in newspapers and other print media, lack of adequate literacy and numerical may be to the disadvantage of the respondents only 12% of whom have received tertiary education. Table 2.4 gives the percentage distribution of educational levels of respondent community members of Ba Mogopa Community. 25 Table 2.4 Percentage Distribution of Educational Levels of the Respondents Community Members Educational Level Number Percentage Illiterate 2 5 Primary 10 25 Secondary 23 58 Tertiary 5 12 Total 40 100 Table 2.4 shows that majority (58%) of the respondent community members attended school up to secondary level. The majority percentage is followed by 25% of the respondents who had primary education, while 12% had tertiary education and 5% have no formal education. 2.5 Occupational Status Occupation is one of the factors involved in uplifting the living standard of people particularly the rural poor most of whom may be engaged in different job sectors in terms of skills and economic development (Poulton and Harris, 1992). Table 2.5 gives percentage distribution of the occupational status of the Ba Mogopa community members. 26 Table 2.5 Percentage Distribution of Occupational Status of the Respondent Community Members Occupational Status Number Percentage Farmer 5 12 Domestic worker 9 23 Unemployed 21 53 Other 5 12 Total 40 100 Table 2.5 shows a high rate of unemployment (53%) amongst the respondent community members. This high rate of unemployment in Mogopa can be attributed to the inappropriate and low level of education worsened by the scarcity of places of employment in the designate Mogopa area. Work and unemployment are significant concepts in the distribution of occupational status of the respondent community members. Work has long been viewed as a central aspect of people's lives. It determines their daily activities, the people they meet and the relationship they form. In addition, work largely determines a person' s class and status. Work holds the key to human happiness and fulfillment. Unemployment is an important political and social issue. When people do not work, they have no production of goods or services. Unemployment perverts the nature of the unemployed and their relationship with others. The unemployed represented by 53% 27 implies that most people in the study area are not able to fulfill their basic needs and that the unemployed do not satisfy their needs nor express their care and hwnanity for others. 28 CHAPTER THREE THE ROLE OF LAND RESTITUTION IN THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE STUDY AREA The goal of the land restitution policy is to restore land to people dispossessed by racially discriminatory legislation in such a way as to provide support to the vital process of reconciliation, reconstruction and development (South African Land Policy 1998:49). In a lengthy two-hour interview with Mr. L. Mosweu, 3 7 year old Mmabatho resident and a prominent farm-owing community member of the Mogopa community, inter alia, Mr. Mosweu brought to light that the above land policy did not only bring a speedy restitution of land but also encouraged some economic stability and poverty reduction to stakeholders in the study area. 3.1 Constitutional Land Rights of the Mogopa Community The government' s policy and procedure for land claims are based on the provision of the constitution and the restitution of Land Rights Act, 22 of 1994. Restitution can take many forms such as (i) restoration of land from which claimants were dispossessed (ii) provision of alternative land (iii) payment of compensation (iv) a relief comprising a combination of the above of (v ) priority access to government housing and land development programme (South African Land Policy, 1998: X). 29 Mr. Mosweu with whom I held an indepth interview attested to the fact that I 00 percent of the 40 community members interviewed opted for and indicated that they would prefer to be given access to communal land ownership system under their chief because the system provides free or very cheap access to land to the poor. For verification of the said land reform system, I checked and verified the implication of the communal systems with the relevant source - South African Land Policy (1998:31). This policy provides a survival safety net to the poor as the land cannot be sold. The land right restored to the community helped modestly to improve development and the economic conditions of the people now cought up in the spirit of the land activities and land empowerment. People started to honour their tribal royalties and communal taxes as a contribution to the general community fund use of funds. Table 3.1 gives the percentage distribution of the systems of land ownership in Mogopa. Table 3.1 Percentage Distribution of Systems of Land Ownership of the Respondent Community Members in Mogopa Systems of Land OwnerShip Number Percentage Own Land - - Communal Land 40 100 Leasehold - - State land - - Other 40 100 30 Table 3.1 shows that all respondents community members indicated that the land was communal property of the community. The resolution of this land-related problem and final release and re-allocation of the once-dispossessed ancestral land to the community, resolved a range of injustices the community suffered under the yoke of oppressions and forced removals. The history of conquest and dispossession, of forced removals and a racially-skewed distribution of land resources reflected conditions of the apartheid era injustices under which the Mogopa community suffered. Racially-based land policies were a cause of insecurity, landlessness and poverty amongst black people, and a cause of inefficient land administration and land use. 3.2 Land Claims Settlement and Development Campaign After the successful land claims settlement, the community had to be returned to their original land where they met with new development challenges. Toe resettled community was, however, to some extent relieved by the partial existence of minerals which in a small scale, provided some economic relief to the community (Pooe, personal interview, 2002 and Mosweu, 2002). The Transvaal Rural Action Committee {TRAC) dated 9 September 1991 recorded the legal victory the Mogopa community won following the appeal court's decision in 1985 that the expropriated land be returned to the tribe. Additional information appears in chapter five. As the result of the restoration of the land to its legitimate owners, the government initiated an agricultural driven-programme which campaign encouraged the community 31 to commit itself and partake in agricultural activities for self-sustainability and general life improvement of the community (Pooe, personal interview, 2002). 3.4 Self-Development Programmes Subsequently, the repossession of the land placed the land restitution community in a position to be involved in joint methods of farming which integrate cattle farming and cultivation of dryland maize crops. This agricultural activity includes extensive cultivation of sun-flower and beans (Transvaal Rural Action Committee, Ma:fikeng, news letter, 1995). Families started to have some means to sustain their members with staple food such as maize and milk while those who produce and maintain a surplus sell their products through the local agricultural co-operatives. Table 3.2 show the percentage distribution of income per annum of the respondents in Mogopa. 32 Nwu .I LIBRARYJ Table 3.2 Percentage distribution of Annual Income of the Respondents Community Members of Mogopa Income Per Annum Number Percentage Less than R 10,000 5 12 R 10,000 - R 20,000 3 8 R 20,000 - R 30,000 8 20 R30,000 + 24 60 Total 40 100 Table 3.2 indicated income earnings of farmers per annum from respondent community members of Mogopa Twenty percent of the respondent community members indicated income earnings of between R 20,000 and R 30,000 per year. However, 12% of the respondents had income earnings of less then R 10,000 while 8% indicated income earnings of between R 10,000 and R 20,000 per annum for the period under review, 1997 - 2002. The income brackets per annum of R 30, 000 and over is an important factor to the community as people with such means have the potential to contribute to the economic well-being of the community. The indicated distribution of income from respondents should in some way support joint efforts of parents and participating teenagers in land cultivation. Joint efforts and communal teamwork help to boost the total earnings of families in the area. 33 CHAPTER FOUR MEASURES TAKEN BY THE NORTH WEST PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT TO ENSURE THAT LAND RESTITUTION CONTRIBUTES TO RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE STUDY AREA The main aim of this chapter is to highlight the measures taken by North West Provincial Government to ensure the contributions of land restitution to rural development. 4.1 Government's Land Restitution and Provision of Social Services To achieve rural development, there is usually a need to educate the rural populace and create awareness in them to help them overcome low agricultural productivity and other activities (o ff farm) resulting from poor techniques, traditional attitudes or non-adoption of new methods (Braimoh, 1995; Rugumay and Johnson, 1992). It was for reasons of training in rural development that the Community-based Public works Programme, under the auspices of the Department of Public Works and Roads, included in the Central Region of the North West Provincial Government the Bakwena ha Mogopa villagers. The government among others, undertook the training and employment of 32 rural-placed people on road building and kerb-making; 64 people on bricklaying and carpentry; and 63 people on administration of projects. 34 The Bakwena ba Mogopa projects, in addition to roadbuilding projects, included the building of clinics, provision of water and electricity. One such project in Mogopa, under the name phase 2 Mogopa Road construction of Access Road and bus route was budgeted for and cost the Department R 300,000 (Community-based Public Works and Roads Progress, 1995: 1). Personal interview on 7/2/2003 with Mr Ntsipe, Deputy Director and Programme Manager, Department of Public Works and Roads (Department of Public Works and Roads, Progress Report, 1995). Rural development, as indicated above, is an integrated economic and social programmes and activities which must seek to transform rural society and provide a better and more secure livelihood for rural people in agriculture and off farm activities. Rural development improves the living standard of the mass of low income population residing in rural areas and makes the process of development self-sustaining (Oakley and Garforth, 1992: 5; Gomes, 1991: x ii; Wihtol, 1998: 16). The North West Provincial Government through the Department of Land Affairs (Restitution of Land Rights Act, 22 of 1994) and Department of Public Works and Roads (Community-based Public Works Programme) and the Department of Agriculture provided a redress to the historical injustices to victims of political atrocities and acts of Land dispossessions as indicated in Table 4.1. 35 4.2 Limitation of the government measures in promoting rural development Table 4.1 Percentage Distribution of the Measures taken by the North West Provincial Government of the Respondent Community Members in Mogopa Measures taken by the North West Provincial Government Number Percentage Water provision 13 33 Road construction 7 17 Clinics/health 8 20 Electricity 12 30 Total 40 100 Table 4.1 indicated 33% of the respondents expressed a desire to the government to be provided with water. Provision of water is a priority and crucial life-sustaining item acknowledged by the majority. On the other hand 30% of the respondent community members in the study agreed that the government made electricity available to the community, while 20% indicated the building of Clinics as health facilities and 17% acknowledged road construction. Land reform produces significant and purposeful changes in land tenure. When implemented, land reform has many different kinds of adjustments to make, such as the case of Mogopa in many situations. 36 Land reform alone is most unlikely to achieve much, unless a variety of supporting institutional improvements, including the provision of water, roads, health facilities and electricity, among others, are provided. - Land reform (and land restitution) refers to changing and restructuring land tenure rules and procedures in order to make land tenure systems consistent with an overall requirement of economic development. - In non-industrialised communities, societies and countries, land constitutes the principal form of wealth and the main source of economic and political power, while the land tenure system reflects social class structures and relations. If these rules and procedures are to be restructured in any society, it involves changes in the social and economic power of several groups within a society. - Land reform also involves intervention in the prevailing system, levels and patterns of agricultural land ownership, control and usage, in order to change the structure of land holdings, improve land productivity and widen the distribution spectrum of the benefits coming from such reforms. - In general terms land reform and land restitution when viewed more realistically, are normally implemented (e.g. Mogopa community) in response to political pressure resulting from socio-economic change, caused by increased population, pressure on a limited land based, or different political ideologist. (Poostchi, 1992 : 114,115) 37 CHAPTER FIVE THE ATTITUDES OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES TOWARDS THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LAND RESTITUTION Land ownership, control and its apportionment continues to be regarded as a national asset in South Africa. In fact apportionment of land was central in the struggle for national liberation. The land question is therefore of crucial importance in the solution of problems facing South Africa in the post apartheid era (Cooper, 1990). There is therefore the need in South Africa for a democratic land reform that will contribute to the development schemes and improvement of equality of life according to social justice. The problems surrounding land in South Africa are the results of the dispossession of the land of the indigenous African population in South Africa. The Native Land Act (Act no. 27 of 1913). Later followed by the 1936 land act were legal mechanism employed to entrench territorial segregation between blacks and whites in the Union of South Africa. The 1936 land act resulted in the disproportionate allocation of the country's best land to the whites and inferior and inadequate land to the blacks (Lipton 1996). 5.1 Forced Removal of the Mogopa Community The Bakwena ba Mogopa, in the V entersdorp district, occupied the Mogopa area long before the 1913. Native Land Act and the 1936 Land Act which restricted black 38 occupation and ownership of land. These acts divided South Africa into separate areas for black and white occupation. The acts set aside on 7 percent of land occupation for blacks. The consequences of dispossession included the re-ordering of spatial planning to reflect apartheid segregation. It was in terms of these acts, in 1983, finally, after much public protests, two hundred families were relocated and forced to move 100 kilometers away from Mogopa area to Pachsdraai in the Madikwe district. Pachsdraai was in effect earmarked for further incorporation in Bophuthatswana. Different methods used to remove people included persuasion and enticements; divide and rule, cutting off of services and use of brute force (Molokwe, 1998:45-46; Leaming about Development, 1996: 13,27; Commission on Restitution of Land Rights -Annual Report, 1999-200:6). 5.2 Negative Consequences of the Forced Removal Through the apartheid draconian acts, forced removal of the Mogopa community impacted negatively upon the people. The people were forcibly removed from their fertile land with a fair infrastructure to an almost arid area dotted with poor infrastructure. Negative social consequences of the forced removal included the disruption in education as people had to be relocated 100 kilometers away from their place of origin. There were also disruption in family life and relations with the ancestors (people prefer to have a close proximity to their deceased). Health services and religious life were also affected due to the slow reorganization of the new social order. 39 Serious consequences with regard to agriculture affected crop farming, loss of livestock and the questionable use of compensation. 5.3 The Role of the New Government in Land Reform The political atrocities of the past, the new South African government which came into power in 1994, was as the result, faced with a massive land reform programme to undo the injustices of the apartheid regime and its infliction upon the black majority population. The 40 community members interviewed during the course of the study attested in various manner (satisfaction profile) how the government' s intervention and assistance programme impacted upon them. There had to be land redistribution, there had to be land restitution, there had to be land tenure reform, financial grants and land development. The government received 63,455 land lodged claims, a great deal of which have been settled including the Ba Mogopa land claims and compensation (White Paper on South African Land Policy, 1998: ix - xiii; commission on restitution of Land Reform). Land ownership in South Africa has long been a resource of conflict. Our history of conquest and dispossession, of forced removal and racially skewed distribution of land resources, has left us with a complex and difficult legacy. To address the consequences of 40 this legacy, the drafters of the South Africa constitution included restitution of property (as it is the case with the Mogopa community), or equitable redress. The statement must also take reasonable legislative or other measures to foster conditions which enable citizens to gain access to land on an equitable basis. Lastly, people so affected are either entitled to tenure which is legally secure, or to comparable redress (White Paper on South African Land Policy, 1998). The satisfaction profile of Mogopa community members is indicated on Table 5.4 Table 5.4 Percentage Distribution of Satisfaction by the Respondent Community Members concerning Government Assistance Government assistance satisfaction profile Number Percentage Satisfied 20 50 Fairly satisfied 10 25 Not satisfied 10 25 Total 40 100 Table 5.4 shows that 50% of the Ba Mogopa community members were satisfied with the assistance received from the government. 25% of the respondents are represented as fairly satisfied while another 25% gave an indication of members not satisfied with the government' s assistance strategy of land reform. 41 SA History and Celebration of Return to the Land: Transvaal Rural Action Committee (TRAC), Press Briefing, 1991. Mogopa a community of about 5,000 people was situated 20km north of Ventersdorp where people lived for over 70 years after their purchases of the two fertile farms - Swartand and Hartebeeslaagte in 1912 and 1931 respectively. The deal was lodged with the Registrar of Deeds and signed by the then Minister of Native Affairs on 4 October 1992. The Mogopa community was, however forcibly removed from their land by the apartheid government of South Africa in 1984 and resettled at Pachsdraai government resettlement camp. 5.5 The Return of Expropriated Land and Development The purpose of Land Restitution Programme is to restore land and provide other remedies to people dispossessed by racially discriminatory legislation practices. This is done to provide support to the process of reconciliation and development. In this programme consideration, fairness and justice is accorded to individuals, communities and the country as a whole. The return of the Swartland farm and Hartebeeslaagte farm to the community in 1991, after negotiations, and finally the announcement by the then Minister of Regional and Land Affairs, culminated in celebrations and further land restitution which marked the 42 beginning of ground breaking land reform programme for the empowerment of the Bakwena ba Mogopa Community. Although many were still haunted and traumatized by the erstwhile controversial forced removal, land reform programme has caught up and is activating a culture of involvement and participation of the people in land development and land management. 43 CHAPTER SIX CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The investigation of land reform has, among others, been viewed in terms of addressing the imbalances in land ownership and the untenable situation that has been and is at the centre of the black majority's struggle in South Africa. In the new Rainbow Nation of South Africa the government had declared that all human beings are equal, every individual has a right to dignity and self-respect. Every citizen, including even the Ba-Mogopa, are an integral part of the Nation and have the right to take an equal part in government at local level, regional level and national level. That it is the responsibility of the state to intervene actively in the economic life of the nation so as to ensure the well-being of all citizens. 6.1 Conclusions In this study of land restitution, forced removal and rural development, land reform policy had not only been employed to return land to the dispossessed but that land reform had been effectively employed to encourage and promote integrated strategies of economic and social development. While community development focuses mainly on localities and small groups of people, such as the Ba-Mogopa people, the changes which affect local people must be seen and tackled in a wider context which not only brings 44 community groups into relationships with outside agencies, but uses local action to confront the aspects of society. The land reform policy in this study was used by the government to embrace a comprehensive programme for the transformation of agricultural economy, moreso, when agricultural projects dominate programmes of rural development. A case in point is the Bakwena ba Mogopa rural community which has found its footing in land restitution and subsequently, rural development. In conclusion, the existing constitutional framework, it has been reasoned, has the legislative potential to be used as a legal base upon which the structure of equitable land ownership in South Africa can be effected. 6.2 Recommendations For many years in South Africa the society has been distinguished by a division between the affluent whites in suburbs and on farms, and the unprivileged landless majority, living in grinding poverty with no land to sustain them. The participation of people in community organizations and activity is not just desirable but essential in order to get things done. Community-based development groups depend on a high level of commitment in order to survive because they usually have scarce and uncertain resources and ad hoc funding. 45 To address various disparities, mentioned and discussed in this study, suffered by the Mogopa community, the government had had to promote a sense of justice by implementation of the new land reform policy, and in particular land restitutio°' as an integrated approach to: • Promote rural development, of land restituted communities as an opportunity to improve the standards of living of the mass of low-income population residing in rural areas and making the process of their development self-sustaining. • Encourage the economic standard of the agricultural subsistence population by mobilizing all allocated resources so as to reach a desirable balance between the welfare and productive services available to the subsistence rural sector. • Address and review problems and obstacles in the restitution process to avert conflict of serious confrontation and negative proportions. • Implement the reviewed and finalized recommendations of the land restitution process. • To encourage and inculcate in the restituted communities the culture of land management for the life improvement of all. • Emphasise the need in ensunng that the restituted land cames with it the responsibility for sustained development by the communities themselves. 46 REFERENCES 1. Adam M, et al (1999). Natural Perspective. "Land reform and rural development in South Africa". James Curry publishers, London. 2. Allen and Thomas (1992). Poverty and development in the 1990's. Oxford University press United Kingdom. 3. Bernstein H, et al (1992) Rural Development: Crises and Responses, Oxford University press United Kingdom. 4. Cooper, D. 1990. Agriculture: Its problems and its prospects, Critical Choices for South Africa, James Curry publishers, London. 5. Cross, C. (1997) Rural Land Tenure Reform: Surrounded by Hungry allocators in indicator, Vol. 14, No 2 6. De K.lerk, M (ed) (1991). A harvest of discontent: The land question in South Africa. Institute for Democratic Alternative for South Africa, Cape Town. 7. Du Pre R.H. (1990) The Making of racial conflict in South Africa: A historical perspective, Skotaville publishers, Johannesburg. 8. Francis A. (1992) Modem Sociological Theory: An Introduction Oxford University, Delhi. 9. Kotze H. and Bassoon (1994). Land reform in South Africa: Elite attitudes and party policies, development in Southern African Vol ii. 10. Kotze, H et al (1995) Land Reform in South Africa Elite attitudes and party policies, in development Southern Africa 11. Leach, M. (1996). African issues, the lie to the land challenging received wisdom on African environment, Russel press, United Kingdom. 47 12. Letsoalo, E.M. (1991) Land reform in South Africa: A black perspective, 13. Lipton M. Ellies F. (1996) Land, Labour and Rural Development in Rural South Africa. Volume 2 Creda Natal. 14. Malharbe, C. and Sounders, C. (1990) Struggle for land, Shuter and Shooter, Pietermaritzburg. 15. Mamphele R, (1991) Restoring the land Environment and change m post apartheid South Africa, United Kingdom 16. Moll, P.G. (1990). Models ofland reform development, Southern Africa. 17. Molokwe, B.K.M. (1998) A historical study of the Bakwena ba Mogopa as victims of forced removals, unpublished M.A. Mini dissertation, Potchefstroom University. 18. Motlhamme, J.S. (1989) Forced Removals in the people' s memory: The Bakubung of Ledig, Skotaville publishers, Braamfontein 19. O'Meara P, Martin M. (1995) Africa: Third Edition, James Curry publishers, London. 20. Poostchi, I (1986) Rural development in the developing countries, An interdisciplinary introduction approach, Henly-on-Thames, London). 21. Ramphela M. et al (1991) Restoring the Land, Panos institute, London 22. Roberts, A (1999) Land Info. "Breaking poverty through Restitution" Vol 6 No 5 P. 18, Department of Land Affairs. 23. Small, J. and Winkler, J. (1992) Batho Sechabeng. A feeling of community, Transvaal Rural Action Committee, Johannesburg. 24. Stew, G.W. (1996) The Native Races of South Africa. 48 25. Toulman M. Guan, J. (2000) Evolving Land rights, policy and tenure in Africa: Russel press, United Kingdom. 26. Unterhalter, E (1990) Forced removal: The division segregation and control of the people of South Africa, IDAF. 27. Webster, A (1990) Introduction to Sociology of development, Mac Millan, London. 28. Wilson, F and Ramphele, M. (1997) Uprooting poverty: the South African challenge. 29. Commission on Restitution ofland rights, 1999 - 2006, Annual report, Pretoria. 30. Forced Removals in South Africa (1995). The spp Reports Vol 1. 31. Learning about development, 1996, USWE, Juta, Cape Town. 32. Press briefing pack, 13 September 1998. 33 . . Republic of Southern Africa, ( 1996), Research report No 79, Department of Land Affairs. 34. Republic of South Africa (1994) Restitution of Land Right Act 22, Cape Town. 35. Rural Development Framework - May 1997 Rural Development task Team, Department of Land Affairs. 36. Thriving Rural Areas: Rural Development Framework (1997) CTP Books. 37. Rural and land Digest (1999) September/October. 38. White paper on South African Land Policy, Department of Land Affairs, 1998, Pretoria. 49 Personal Interviews 1. Mr. N.P. Ntsipe (7/2/2003) deputy director and programme manager, department of public works and roads ( additional information - progress report, 1995) 2. Mr. L.G. Mosweu (3/10/2002_i 3. Mr. A. Pooe, community member (31/10/2002) 50 APPENDIXA QUESTIONNAIRE FOR MOGOPA COMMUNITY Date: ....................................... . Place: ........ .. ...................... .. ...... . Research topic: ........................ . ... . The purpose of this questionnaire is to gather information about you and to find out how the existing land restitution impact on sustainable rural development in your area. Under no circumstances will information that is given be used to your determinant. You are therefore requested to answer each question as honesty as possible. a. Demographic Data 1.1 Sex : Male [ ] Female [ ] 1.2 Age group (in years) 18 - 24 [ ] 25-30 [ ] 31-36 [ ] 37- and over [ ] 51 1.3 Marital Status Single [ ] Married [ ] Widowed [ ] Divorced [ ] Separated [ ] Any other please specify ............................................................................. . 1. 4 Level of Education Illiterate [ ] Primary [ ] Secondary [ ] Tertiary [ ] Any other please specify .... ... ............................................................. ... ... . 1.5 Occupation Farmer [ ] Hunter [ ] Domestic worker [ ] Unemployed [ ] Any other please specify ............................................................................. . 52 1.6 Religious Affiliation Roman Catholic [ ] Zion Christian Church [ ] Lutheran Church [ ] Anglican Church [ ] Any other please specify .................................... .. ....................................... . 1.7 What is you monthly income R 100 [ ] R 100 - R 300 [ ] R 300 - R 500 [ ] R 500 - R 700 [ ] R 800 + [ ] 1.8 How far is your working place 1- lOkm [ ] 10 -20km [ ] 20-30km [ ] 30-40km [ ] 53 2. THE ROLE OF LAND RESTITUTION ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTOFTHESTUDYAREA 2.1 Who owns the land you cultivate Own.land [ ] Communal land [ ] Leasehold [ ] State land [ ] Any other please specify ............ . .. .......... . ........ .... . .. . .. . .......... . ... . . ........ . . . .. . 2.2 What is the land mentioned above used for in your area? Crop production [ ] Animal production [ ] Chicken production [ ] Any other please specify .. ... . . ..... ... .... ...... ............ . ... ....... . ... . . . .... . ........ ... .. . . 2.3 What is the major crop you grow on your land? Maize [ ] Groundnuts [ ] Sunflour [ ] Any other please specify .... .... .. ....... . ... . ... .... . .... . .. . . . .... .. ... . .. .. . ... .. . . . .... . ..... .. .. . 54 2.4 How much income per annum do you get from farming activities? Less than R 10 000 [ ] R 10 OOO-R20 000 [ ] R 20 000 - R 30 000 [ ] R30000-andover [ ] 2.5 Has the land restitution made you rich or poor? Agree [ ] Partly agree [ ] Disagree [ ] I don't know [ ] 2.6 What are the most important need regarding improving your land? 2. 7 What other natural resources are available on your acquired land? Minerals [ ] Wild animals [ ] Wild plants [ ] Any other please specify .. ....... ....... .. ... ...... ................ . ... .. ............. ............... . 55 2.8 Do you use the land as individually or as cooperatives? Individually [ ] Cooperatives [ ] 56 3. MEASURES TAKEN BY THE NORTH WEST PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT TO ENSURE THAT LAND RESTITUTION CONTRIBUTES TO RURAL DEVELOPMENTINTHESTUDYAREA 3 .1 What type of assistance does the North West Provincial government provide people who are beneficiaries of land restitution 3.2 Are measures taken by government in ensuring development brought changes in your area? Yes [ ] No [ ] 3 .3 If yes, what are those measures? Water provision [ ] Road construction [ ] Clinics/health facilities [ ] Electricity [ ] Agricultural assistance .............................................................................. . 3.4 If no, what do you suggest should be done to ensure development 57 3.5 Does land restitution promote rural development in your area? Yes [ ] No [ ] 3.6 If yes clarify .. . ..... .... ........ .. ........ . . . . ... ..... . .... . ........ . ... ... ..... ...... ... .. . . ..... 3.7 Ifno, what do you suggest could be done to promote rural development? 3.8 What are the strategies used by the government to improve the lives of people in your area? . ... . .. ... .. . ...... . ......... . ....................... . . .... .. . ....... .. .. . ... . ........ .. . . ... . .... . 3.9 Are the government policy strategies and programme instituted in this area that you know about, which were used to support land restitution process to enable it to improve rural development? Yes [ ] No [ ] 3.10 If yes, what are those policy strategies and programmes? 3.11 Do you see a bright future with regard to Land Restitution in your area? Yes [ ] No [ ] 58 4. THE ATTITUDE OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES TOWARDS THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LAND RESTITUTION 4.1 Did you as a community have and advisor assisting with the legal process of the restitution claim (e.g. a lawyer)? Yes [ ] No [ ] 4.2 If yea, please who the advisor was .............................................................. 4.3Are you satisfied with the assistance received? Yes [ ] No [ ] 4.4 If no, please specify the reason ............................................................ . Yes [ ] No [ ] 4.5 Are you satisfied with the process involved in Land Restitution? Yes [ ] No [ ] 59 4.6 If no, specify why not ........................................................................... . 4.7 Are you satisfied with the end result of your land restitution? Yes [ ] No [ ] 4.8 If no, please specify why not . ... ....... . ............................................... .... .. . 4.9 What was the response of the community regarding the assistance received from government in settling the restitution claim? Satisfied [ ] Fairly satisfied [ ] Not satisfied [ ] 4.10 If not satisfied, explain why not ........................................................... . 4.11 Which legal entity did you select? Communal properties [ ] Trust [ ] Company [ ] Shareholding [ ] 60 4 .12 Ifo ther please specify ............ . ................................... . .... .. .. ... ....... . ..... . . 4.13 Did the local community participates in the activities of the community? Yes [ ] No [ ] 4.14 What are activities the community participate into? 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