lETSHWAO LA BOMODIMO DINGOLWENG TSA SESOTHO. ANOllO VA SEMIOTI by OKHELE MICHAEL MOTINGO 1008 ~n:-l- 7 n LETSHWAO LA BOMODIMO DINGOLWENG TSA SESOTHO: MANOllO VA SEMIOTIKI .• M MOTINGO A dissertation submitted in fulfilment of tne - - - -- -egree MASTER OF ARTS In epartment of African Languages ofth NORTH-WEST UNIVERSITV (VAAL TRIANGLE FACULTV) SUPERVISOR: Prof TJ Selepe Vanderbijlpark 2008, ii TIIS,Q (DECl.ARATION) Ke hisa hore lETSHWAO lA BOMODIMO DINGOlWENG TSA SESOTHO: MANOllO YA SEMIOT~KI ke mosebets; wa ka ka seqo Ie hore mehlodi yohle eo ke e sebedisitseng kapa ho e qotsa e ananetswe ka lenane la mehlodi Ie pheth ahetseng. ·V:\~l:\~.k~fl~' l '} .~ M M MOTlNGOE) lETSATSI: Tshrtw,e 2007 III DITEBOHO (ACKNOWLEDGEMIENTS) motho a f1hl'a pheletsong ya mosebetsi wa phuputso 0 kang ona 0 ye 0 qakehe hore ke bomang ba tshwanelwang ke ho lebohuwa. Bohle ba tsebang ba lokelwa ke teboho, ke ba leboha haholo. Ke rata ho qolla ba latelang ka kotloloho: Prof T J 8e'lepe wa North - West University Vaal Triangle Campus ke mo leboha haholo. Phuputsong ya ka e bile motataisi Ie moeletsl wa sebele Ie wa nnete. Motaung ba ha Motingoe ba a 0 leboha. Prof P R 'S Maphike ya e ileng a bala Ie ho hlahloba mosebetsi wa ka pele ke o fetisetsa ho motataisi, Tau diteboho tsa ka ke tseo. Le ka moso hie. Dr J 8eema wa North - West University Vaal Triangle Campus re bile Ie djpuisano Ie yena ka makgetlo a mangatanyana. Ke leboha seabo sa hae phuputsong ena. Letshwele Ie beta poho. Prof K Koka wa Kara Heritage Institute 0 i1e a nkadima dibuka, ra ba Ie dipuis8no Ie ho nkgothaUetsa hore ke tswelle pele ka pnuputso ena. Ke mo leboha ho menahane ka diphehiso tsa hae. Re batho ka ba bang. Ntate T Modllpe moho'wane ke leboha thuso ya hao haholo ha 0 ile wa nthusa ka khomphut:ha ka nako eo e neng e sa sebetse hantle. Ke 0 lebohela boitelo Ie mafolofolo a hao. Kubu 0 se ke wa kgathala. Matsohomabedi a thusa. Ntate M M Morapeli moholwane Ie ntate M P Khaile ke Ie leboha ha sekete ha Ie de la nkgothalletsa ho ngo!a mosebetsi ona ka ha Ie hlokometse hore e hlile leqeme Ie leholo haholo lefapheng la Bodumedi ba 8etso. Hlaahlela Ie Iia ka Ie leng. iv Basebetsimmoho baruti 0 A Thejane Ie M W Tsiu ke a ba leboha ha ba ile ba nkgothatsa Ie ho nkadima dibuka tse nthusitseng haholo phuputsong ya ka. Nljanapedi ha di hlolwe ke phokojwe. Ke leboha mohatsa ka Mmamokhele, moradia Radebe, ka teboho e tswang botebong ba pelo Ha e ne e se ka kgothatso, thuso Ie boiphihlelo ba hae ba Sesotho mosebetsi ona 0 ka be 0 sa fihlella boemo boo 0 leng ho bona. Mosadi ya kgabane 0 etsa jwalo. Bara ba rona Motebejane Ie Mahlomola, ke Ie lebohela tsebo ya lana ya khornphutha eo Ie I1thusHseng haholo ka yona hore ke tsebe ho tlanya mosebetsi ana esitana Ie ka nako tse ding e ne e Ie lana Ie tlanyang osebetsi ana. Batloung ke leo lefa la habo lana, leo I'e Hang ho tseba hO itshepa lie ho intiafatsa ka nepo ka lona. v NYEHELO Ho mohatsa ka Mmamokhele ngwetsi ya Batloung, eo ha e ne e se ka boitelo bo boholo ba hae, e ka be ke sa ka ka hhlella tlholo ena dithutong tsa ka. Ke 0 leboha ho menahane Letebele I'e leHe. vi KAKARETSO (ABSTRACT) Phuputso e tla be e opile kgomo lenaka ha e nyalanya nUha ya letshwao la bomodimo dingolweng tsa Sesotho Ie Bodumedi ba Setso Ka baka la ho fihl ha baruti ba Mafora (baromuwa) mona Aforika, ba ile ba bolela hare tsohle tse amanang Ie motho e motsho ke bohetene, ka mantswe a mang di kgahlanong Ie Modimo. Taba ena e tlisitse sekgeo se seholo ntlheng ya boitshlJpo ba ModJmo. Basotho ba fetoha Bokgowanatshwana, ba lahleha e Ie ka nnete. Matsatsing ana batho ba rata ho tseba moo ba tswang teng, e Ie hore ba He ba tsebe moo ba yang teng. Phuputso ena e bohlo,kwa haholo jwalo ka phehiso ho Basotho, ho ka ba ntshetsa pele Ie ho ba mattafatsa. Pele baruti ba fjhla Aforika Basotho ba ne ba se ba tseba Modimo 0 mohol· Tsebo ya bomodimo ba bile Ie yona hotloha nakong ya maswetso, ha ho motho ya ba rutilleng yona. Sena se bonahala kutlwisisong ya bona ya Uholeho Ie qaleho ya popo ya dintho tsohle. Modimo 0 itshupile ho bona ka mokgwa 0 akaretsang Ie ka mokgwa 0 qollehileng. Ntlha ena e totobatswa ke dimite, dillegente, dithoko tsa seholoholo Ie dingolwa tsa sejwalejwale tse kang dipale, ditshwantshiso, dithothokiso, dipalekgutshwe Ie meqoqo. Oingoiweng tsena tsa Basotho ho hlakile ka mokgwa 0 motle hore ba na Ie tsebo ya bomodimo e phethahetseng, e, ke badumedl ka mehla. Sepheo sa phuputso ena ke ho baUlsisa letshwao la bomodimo dingolweng tsa Sesotho, semelo, sebaka Ie maemo a Modimo jwalo ka ha ho bonahala hore ke ntlha e teng bophetong ba Basotho. Phuputso e .,3. hie e itshetlehe haholoholo ka dingolwa tsa Basotho, ho be ,Ie dipuisano Ie bona Ie ho mamela Lenaka la Matheo Lekgotleng la Kgaso la Aforika Borwa. Ka ha ho se pelaelo hore phuputso ena e itshetlehile hodima ditsela tsa manollo ya dingolwa tsa matshwaole ho bolela (reha), dintlha tsa sehlooho tsa yona di tla hlaloswa ka matshwao Ie mabitso. vii ABLE OF CONTENTS TIISO (DECLARATION) 111 DITEBOHO (ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS) IV YEHELO .•. t VIIl •••••• io " KAKARETSO (ABSTRACT) vn TABLE OF C'ONTENTS VIII KGAOLO VA 1 •..•..... lIIi,i 1"' · •••••••••••, ••••••••••• 11 "' ··•• '111111 •••••• 11, 'II;;,IL.I;.L.CKELA ' ,. , will' III II '" t' 11111. I."' ••• 11'11 iI< ,,. '" If. III Iii "II". ili '.ilIi.IIIi ~ 1iII II ••• .1 SEPHEO SA PHUPUTSO 1 1.1.1 J.M. Katametsi (199B) ConfUct in J.M. Ntsime's Drama ext: Pelo e ja Serati t1i1I Il liiIt .,01. 3lI I! , .1.2 A.M. Lesitsi (1990) Seemahafe 3 1.1.3 V. Makhubela (2000) Art and Ideology in the Poetry of .P.0.· Maphalla '.'.10_.' •••••••••, · 41 1.1.4 S.J. Malao (1990) Tshekatsheko ya Dipadi tS'e di Kwadilweng ke M.O.H Seboni ka Boena , 4 1.1.5 P.R.S. Maphike (1991) History of Southern Sotho Literature as System. 1930 - 1960 4 1.1"6 Z.A. MatseJa ( 1990) Bochaba ba Basotho , 4 1.1.7J.M.L. Moeketsi (1990 ) A Social Cultural and LinguisUc Study of Personal Names in Sesotho 4 1.1.8 S.B.M. Noge (1994) Loso jaaka Tlhotlheletso mo Pokong ya Setswana " ,•.........••.•.••.· "11 •••••• 11.1(111 •• 5 vjii .1.9 B. Peterson (1997) Monarchs, Missionarres and African InteUectuals Redemption and Revolutionl in South African Theatre, 1900 - 1940 5 1.1.10 M.W. Tiiu (2001) Basotho Family Odes (Diboko) and Oral Trad-ition "!III •••• I I'•••••••••• ~ ••• !I••••• 1 1.1 •• 01 51,.I1 , 1.2 BOBATSI LE MEEDI YA PHUPUTSO 6 1.3 MOKGWA WA PHUPUTSO lE MANOLLO 6 1.4 MORALO WA PHUPUTSO 7 KGAOLO' VA 2 ·.• 11 · , " •• 111 •• S·6 , ­ MOKGWA WA PHUPUTSO LE MANOllO ". 8 2.1 SELELEKEL~,.111 i 8" ••• i ••••••••••, 10lil " 2.2 TSELA VA SEMIOTIK~ 8 2.2.1 Letshwa,o ~e emetseng moho1poJo 0 kobuluweng 11 2.2.2 Letshwao Ie emetseng mohopolo wa dikgokahanyo 12 2.2.3 Letshwao Ie emetseng dintho tse sa bonweng Ie dikamano 1tI._.II ~ ,. .. ,"' !'! 13 2.2.4 Letshwao Ie emetseng mohopolo wa dintho tse bonwang ..... 13 2.2.5 Letshwao Ie tshwantshisang mohopolo 0 itseng 14 2.2.6 Letshwao ~a dipole'o Ise emetseng mohopolo 0 itseng 14 2.3 DlPUISANO LE BASOTHO 17 2.4 LENAKA L.A MOTHEO (lEKGOTLA LA KGASO LA 1;1AFORIKA BORWA) , •••• 11 ••• 18 i· 2..5 THEHO VA MA.BIT'SO .....• 11 18 2.6 QET'ELLO tI.II.II .. 1ii i1i1.i1 II : ,••••••••• 11 •••••••••••••••• 22 KGAOLO VA 3 1 "' ••••••••••••.•• ,.,.'"', •• i1.,i.i '••••••••• io •••••• ~~ •••, •• 2,3 AKGETHA A LETSHWAO L.A BOMODIMO PHEDISANONG 2.3 3.1 SELELEKELA 23II ••••••• i1.iII 1 ,. 3.2 LETSHWAO LA BOITSHUPO SA 180MODIMO 23 3.3 BOITSHUPO SA BOMODIMO PHEDISANONG •.••••.....................•. 24 3.4 OITSHUPO BA BOMOOIMO TLHO ONG 27 3.5 LETSHWAO LA BOMODIMO PHEDISANONG 29 3.5.1 Mosebetsi wa Modimo tlholehong 3 3.5.2 Tlhaho ya bomodimo ba Modimo kgalalelong 31 .5.3, Tlhahova botho ba Modimo phedisanong Ie motho.•.............3' 3.5.4 Mosebetsi wa bomodimo t'ho~ehong 34 3.5.4.1 AHadimaroba / Moshwedi 34 3.5.4.2 Jere! Mosito! Pilo 36 3.5.4.3 Moababophelo I Mofabophelo / Mohokong / Seabi sa bophelo , , 37 3.5.4.4 Moahlodi / Ralefatshe I Rasehlaba 37 354.5 Mmaballi J Mofani I Mofani wa dimpho tsohle I Mofani wa tsohle I Rasefabatho 38 3.5.46 Moetellipele I Mofelehetsi! Motsamaisi 39 x 40 3.5.4.7 Motepi 3.5.4.8 Mofodisi 42 3.5.4.9 Moetsi wa dintho tsohle / Mohlodi / Mmopi I Ratladi / Tlake / ~adihlodilwe I Radihlodilweng 43 3.5.4. '10 Mokgothatsi 45 3.5.4.11 Mo~opolli j Mmolloki I Rammoloki .47 3.5.4.12 Monamoledi 49 3.5.4.13 Mophethi wa tsoh.le 50 3.5.4.14 Morena / Morena Modimo 51 3.5.4.15 Qhobosheane / Setshabelo 52 3.5.4.16 Radimakatso I Ramehlolo 55 3.5.4.17 adinaledi I Ramasedi . ............................. 56 3.5.4.18 Raditaelo 69 3.5.4.19 Sekgele / Mosireletsi 70 3.5.4.20 Senesapula 73 3.5.5 TIhaho ya bomodimo ba Modimo kgalalelong 75 3.5.5.1 E moholo I KweUa I Modimo 0 moholo / Modimo wa kgale / Mohalo wa matsats~ I Rabosafeleng 76 3.5.5.2 Lome / Raseaparalome 77 3.5.5.3 Modimo / Ralehodimo / Raseokamelabatho ITshitwe 79 3.5.5.4 Modimo wa kgotso 81 35.5.5 Mohaladi l Moha~laledi I Mohalaletsi 82 :xi 3.5.5.6 Mohauhedi / Rakutlwelobohloko / Ramehauhelo / Ramohau / Ramosa , 84 3.5.5.7 Mora wa Modimo I Moshanyana wa Senkatana 86 3.5.5.8 Mpshwemotlehadi I Rabotle 88 3.5.5.9 Mpoko / Rallefalwe 90 3.5.5.10 Ramatla I Tlhah'lamatjholo 91 3.5.6 Tlhaho va, botho ba Modimo phedisanong Ie motho 93 35.6.1 Modimo wa bontatemoholo 93 3.5.6.2 Modimo wa borare 95 3.5.6.3 Ntate I Ntata rona / Rabohle 95 3.5.6.4 Ntatadikgutsana 97 3.6 MANOlLO VA OIBUKA TSE KGETH.LWENG........................•...... 99 3.6.1 Moeti wa Botjhabela ka T.M. Mofolo 99' 3.6.2 Chaka ka T.M. Mololo 106 3.6.3 Nqalong ya Lerato ka B. Malefane 110 3.7 QETELLO .'I '"'•••••• 'I··.lIa ~ •• I.!I't.I IIII ".'••••••• 11111 •• 114 111 KGAOLO VA ·4 •••••• 11 116,••••••••• ' •••• 111 LETSHWAO' LA BOMODIMO TLHOLEHONG 116 4.1 SELELEKElA ,.. .,. 116 4.2 TLHOKOMELO VA BOMODIMO 116 4.2.1 Mosebetsi wa diqaljwa 118 xii 4.2.2 Tshe-bediso ya puo diqatjweng 120 4.2.2.1 Vlaele ,. " 121 4.2.2.2 Dikapoledlso (maelana ) 122 4.3 TSHEBEO.SO VA TSHWANTSHI IKAPUO TSE DING 123 4..3.1 Pa.pisi 11 ••• 11 .••••••••.•••••••••.•• 123' 4.3.2 Ts.hwantshiso fOI ••••••••• 11 •••• 11 , •••••• "'1 •• 124 41113.3 Molhofatso .................•..- 124 11.11 4!1!3.4 Tshwaafalso •...•.••.•• 1 "' ••• ' •• -'·111' - 1; __ •••••••••••••••• 125 4..3 ..5 Phoqol !!' 1! ••,•• !! - l1li.11 ••• IIi .. _ •••• 125 4.3.6 Sesomo 1t •• I1 It' III! •• !P ••••••••••.••••• 125"'~ ~ 4,.3.7 Tshehiso ." ' J1i1 '."' .. 126t!1 ••••••••• II.,' 4.·3.8 Tom,also .,..· 1 ,- , '••••••-••••• 11 •• 11 ••••••• 126 4.3.9 Tumonngwe ' , , 126101 , ••••••••• '" 4.3..10 Boikgakanyetso ,.. ,.. ,."" •.-•.. , ,•....•.•....... 11 •• 12,6 4.3.11 PhetolaJebitsol Ie karolokemelo 127 4.4 mQATJWA TSA SESOTHO 127 4.4.1 Bangodi ba diqatjwa tsa Sesotho 128 4.4.2 Dinako tsa ntshetsopele va diqatjwa tsa Sesotho ..........•...... 134 4.4.2.1 1900-1930 13 4.4.2.2 1930 - 1960 138 4.4 ..2.3 1960 -1990 141 xiii 4.4.3 HOI kgeswa ha diqatiwa tsa Sesotho .•....•................................ 142 4..5 OETELLO 1 •••: ••••• 11 ' ' , " 1~- ,., •••• •••••• , 1 •••• ill •••••• KGAOLO Y'A 5 151I.I-I •••••.II •• lliIIIIl 1'•• 1 ••••· 'ITSO, HO LE REHA LE HO AEHANA 151 .1 SELELEKELA 11'1.,151III 11 5.2 TLHALOSO VA, LEBITSO ,.•.••.... 151 5.3 VA' ANG NGWANA LEBITSO 160 5.4 MEKGWA VA THEHO VA MABITSO 161 5.4.1 TheheUo ka diketsahato tsa bohlokwa Isa nako ya tlhano ya lesea •.•.,..•.. 1I •• II,•• I •• j 'iII"'"'." •.I,,' 163~ •••••• 11 •• 11.'" 5.4.2 Ho reha Jebilso ho ipapisitswe Ie ka moo lesea Ie emotsweng katengi I1'1 II ••••••• ~ 164"' 5.4.3 Ho reha lebitso Ie ananeJang thabo ya ho ba Ie lesea 165 5.4.4 Theho ya mabilso a mafahla 166 5.4.5 Theho ya lebitso la lesea habo mma,e 169 5.4.6 Theho ya lebitso ho latela mosebelsi .................••...•.•....•....... 1170 5.4.7 Thenekelso "' , ••••••• II •• Il 172'1111'11' 111 5.4.8 Ho reha ngwetsi lebitso bohadL~ 173 5.4.9 Ho reha lebitso mo,phatong 176 5.4.10 Theho ya lebitso la Bodumedi ba Setso 177 5.4.1 Nyenyefatso ya Jebjtso kapa s,efane 180 xiv 183 5.4.12 Ho rehella ka e mong kap,a eo e seng wa leloko 5.4.13 Theho ya mabitso a tshwanang (mosadi ',e monna) 186 5.4.14 Theho ya lebitso lesefane tse tshwanang 187 5.4.15 Theho ya lebitso ho Watela sepha sa mmeleng 188 5.4.16 Theho ya lebitso Ie sefane ho tatel,a mabitso a diphoofolo...190 5.4.17 Thehova lebns0 ~a boswasi n 191 -.4.18 Theho ya lebitso Ie sefane tsa boikgakanyo 194 5.4.18.1 Phumantsho ya mosebetsi toropong 194 5.4.18.2 Phumantsho ya bodulo toropong 195 54.183 Phumantsho ya menyetla e meng , 195 5.4.19 Theho ya lebilso la Sesotho Makgoweng 197 5.4.20 Theho ya lebitso la Se,keresete(Sejuta} 198 5.4.20.1 Maemong a nako ya kolobetso 199 5.4.20.2 Maemong a nako ya ho nka bukana ya boitsebiso (dompas) .... 200 5.4.20.3 Maemong a mosebetsi 200 5.4.21 Tshebediso ya difane tse pedi 201 5.5 QETELLO ,i ••••••••••••, ~ •••••., •••.•••••• , 2021 i •• , , 1. KGAOLO VA 6, "' 1 207 ·ODUMEDI SA SETSO. BOITSHUPO, SEBAKA LE TULO VA ODIMO,••... lII.l!l!!!l' >••••••• ••••••• , ••••••••••• ••• , .. , ~, 207, " 6 Ii ,...1 SELELEKELA "'.,..'1 ,: •••••• iI •• 207 Xv 6.2 TlHALOSO VA. BODUMEDI BA 8ET50 ...........•.•..••••.•...•............ 207 6..2.1 Tlholeho .. 1.1 20811 11 6.2.2 Dimite I! ••••• II •••••••••• II ••••••••••••••• _._ •• 11.11 ••• ' ••••••••· ••• 'll I , · ••• 214 6.2.3 Oilegent:e 215 - 2.4 O,ipale 21611 •••.•••••• 1 '.111.11111 •••• 11111 •• -. 1 •• 1111 6.2.5 DithapeUo 219 6.2.5.1 Thapel:lo ya thari 220 6.2.5.2 Tnapello ya lebollo 223 6.2.5.3 Thapeno ya mobabi 25 6.2.5.4 Thapello ya pula " 252 6.2.5.5 ThapeJlo ya motu 255 6.2.5.6 Phabadimo ,.. . 257 6.2.56.1 Bodumedi bo haha botho bohle ba motho 262 6.2.5.6.2 Bodumedi bo fana ka tjhad'imo e hlakileng ya lefatshe 262 6.2.5.6.3 Bodumedi bo araba dipotso tseo ho seng mot'w ya ka di arabang 263 6.2.5.6.4 Bodumedl bo bopa naDia) boitshwaro ba batho 263 6.2.5.6.5 Bodumedi bo hodisa moya Ie mmele ya motho 263 6.2.5.6.6 Bodumedi bo kgwepetsa menahano e tebileng ya motho 264 6.2.5.6.7 Bodumedi ke motheo wa dikamano tsa setjhaba ka kakaretso , , , , 264 6.2.5.6.8 Bodumedi bo hloma mekolokotwane ya bophelo 265 xv 6.2.5.6.9 Bodumedi bo keteka menyaka ya bophelo 266 6.2.5.6.10 Bodumedi bo pepesa dikgaello tsa motho 267 6.2.5.7 Mahokahanyi (Bahokahanyi) _ 268 6.3 QALEHO VA BODUMEDI BA SETSO 269 6.3.1 Mokgatlo wa Boromuwa wa Morafia ....•.........................•.•.....•272 6.3.2 MokgatJo' wa Boromuwa wa Landane 273 6.3.3 Mokg,atlo wa Boromuwa wa Aforika Borwa 274 6.3.4 Mokgallo wa Boromuwa wa Wesele 274 6.3.5 Mokgatlo wa Boromuwa wa Sekot'lelane 274 .3.6 MokgaUo wa Boromuwa wa Fora ._ 275 6.3.7 Mokgatlo wa Boromuwa wa Renishe 275 6.3.8 Mokgatlo wa Boromuwa wa Amerika 275 6.3.9 Mokgatlo wa Boromuwa wa BeUni 275 6.3.10 Kereke ya Engelane 27611 '111 •••• 11 •••' 1 'I 6.3.11 eKgatlo ya Boromuwa ya Swisi Ie Noweyi 276 6.3.12 Kereke ya Roma e Katolike Io,.I ••• IiU "' ~ ••••• 276 6.3.13, Kereke ya Nederduits Gereformeerd 276 6.4 BAETAPELE BA BODUMEDI SA SETSO 282 6.4.1 Marena 1 1 ••••••••••• ,1 •••.•• 1 11 •••· 11.1"" ••• ,"'. , •••• , ••••••283 6.4.2 Baemedi 283 6.4.3 Boramohlongwana 284 xvi" 285 6.4.3.1 Ho sebeletsa morena 6.4.32 Kaomo ya dira 285 6.4.3.3 0 ahllola mashodu 285 6.4.3.4 Mmolai 285 6.4.3.5 0 ahlola dihlola 286 6.4.36 Tshenyo ya lesea 285 6.4.3.7 Tlhadiso 286 6.4.3.8 0 emela dingaka 286 64.3.9 Lehlaahlela Ie lIa ka Ie leng 287 6.4.3.10 0 hlomphisa batswadi 287 6.4.3.11 Ditefiso 287 6.4.3.12 0 boulela matobo 287 6.4.3.13 Ho namola 288 6.4.3.14 Mosadi a se no ho otlwa ke monna 0 sele 288 6.4.3.15 Ho beha mofu 288 6.4.3.16 Tsa bohwebi 288 6.4.3.17 Karolo ya ditshwa 288 6.4.3.18 Phiri e jewa moreneng- 288 6.4.3.19 Kgomo ha e dihetswe ke e nngwe 289 6.4.3.20 Melao ya mefuta 289 6..4..4 Dingaka 'tsa Setso "' ' II •••••• illIl 290 xviii 294 6.4.4.1 Senohe 6.4.42 Ngakatjhitja _ 295 6.4.4.3 Ngakanakahetla _ 298 6.4.4.4 Nkgekge .. _ 299 6.4.4.5 Morokapula 300 6.4.4.6 Lethuela _.. _ 303 6.4.4.7 Bosiyone 30 6.4.5 Sanna (dihlooho) , 305 6.5 DlNTHO TSE THUNTHETSANG BODUMEDI SA SETSO 307 6.5.1 Bodumedi ba Setso ke tshebeEetso ya badimo 307 6.5.2 Bodumedi ba Setso ke tumelakgwela 308 6.5.3 Bodumedi ba Setso ke bokgelohi , 308 6.5.4 BodumecH ba Setso ke boloi 308 6.5.5 Bodumedi ba Seto bo a fela 309 6.5.6 Bodumedi be Setso ha bo sebedise Sekgowa 309 6.5.7 IBalatedi ba Bodumedi ba Setso ba tshoswa "d dihele 310 6.6 QETELLO '·, 111i iiil " " '••.•••••• 3101I 1IiII "'·.,•••••• •••.•••••• ,.,.11 •• KGA,OLO VA 7 "' •••. "' "' "' •.•.••.•. '.•.•..•.•.. iII.lI 312 QETELLO E AKARETSANG 312 LENANE LA MEHLODI ...••...••.• iI 31 B,. '•••• 1' xix KGAOLO VA 1 SELELEKELA 1.1 SEPHEO SA PHUPUTSO Morera wa kgaolo ena ke ho qapolla sepheo, boholo Ie meedi, mokgwa Ie manoUo ekasitana Ie moralo wa ohuputso. Mohopolo wa bomodimo, 0 bonahala 0 okametse motheo wa kuUwisiso ya batho ya tlholeho Ie sepakapaka. Sena re se lemoha ha re sheba mabitso, moetlo Ie boitsebo. !e Ie mona tsena dJ bonahala di hokahantswe Ie lenyora la ku11wfsiso Ie tsebo ya ditihaba ka kakaretso, Ie Sasotho ka ho qolleha. Qaqisetso ya lenyora lena e totobala moo Mutombo Nkulu-N'Sengha (Leq. 1) a hlalosallg epistemoloji ya Seaforika ha are: African epistemology is the African theory of knowledge, which includes tile African conception of the nature of knowledge, the means used to gain knowledge, the criteria for the assessment of the vaHdity of knowledge, the purpose of the pursuit of knowledge, and the role that knowledge plays in human existence. The adjective African applied to a people implies that that people, given the specificity of their location in ".he world and their experience in human history, have as African people a specific way of understanding and explaining the world and the complexity of the human condition. Ke ka lebaka lena re loke!ang ho !eka rnawala a ho tima lenyora lena a bonahalang ho dimite, dilegente, dithoko tsa seholoholo, ekasitana Ie diqatjwa tsa sejwal,ejwale tse kang dithothokiso, dipalekgutshwe, ditshvvantshiso, dipale Ie meqoqo. Ke ka hara tsena moo re fumanang dtntlha tse iphetolang matsllwao a bomodimo teng, Sena se boela se qaqa moo Mbiti (1975:11) a reng: These are an essential part of any religion. They show the way people think about the universe and their attitude towards life itseilf, African 1 religious beliefs are concerned with topics such as Gods, spirits, human Ili.fe, magic, the hereafter, and so on. Le ha ho na Ie baithuti ba ditjhaba tse ding tsa Maaforika ba seng ba fupuditse taba ena bomod;mo ka bophara, tsebo ena Ie mekgwa ya ho e fihlella e bonahala e haella haholo dingolweng tsa Basotho. Ka lebaka lena phuputso ena e susumeditswe ke ho tsetolla tsebo ena ya bomodimo ho ya ka matshwao ao re a fumanang ding,olweng tsa Basotho. Lebaka la kgaello ena ha Ie a totobala empa mohopolo wa Koka (2001 :8) 0 batla 0 re atametsa karabong e hlokahalang ha are: We nO'lJ believe In the Afrikan sages saying: ntil the lions have their own historians, tales of hunting will always gtorify the hunters. That is, in the new Millenium. whrch is the era of the African Century, Atrikans have a great challenge: to make their own research, analysis, representations and presentations ill matte rs concemina their wellbeing (Toboketso ya rona.) Phuputso e etswa ka leihlo fa Sosotho" e seng ditsomi tse habileng mejo Ie thoriso feel'a. Sepheo ka phuputso ena ke 'ho batlisisa letshwao la bornodi ding:olweng tsa Sesotho, mme ha ho tikatiko hore ntlha ena e amana Ie bodumedi. Ha se patuwe hore ha baruti ba Makgowa ba fihla mona Aforika, ba ile ba tshv'1ela ka mathe Ie ho lahla tsohle tse amanang Ie Basotho, ba re di kgahlanong Ie thuto ya Modimo, di fahla mmuso wa Modimo ka lehlabathe Basotho ba lahleha ho qeta, ba se ke ba hlola ba itseba, ba fetoha Bokgowanatshwana. Mohopolo wa Makgowa ona wa ho ithata, ho ithorisa Ie o kgella Basotho fatshe, 0 jetse moya 0 mobe wa ho lnyatsa te ho se kgathalie dUaba tsa setso. 0 bakile kenyakenya ya sekgeohadi seo ho Uamehang maoto Ie matsoho ho se tlatsa. Ho tshwanetswe ho ntshwe ka ,etso kgopolo ya Bophirimela e reng tsohle tseo e leng lsa .Aforika di tletse boqaba, bohetene, tshallomorao, jwalojwalo. Re se ke ra ikamahanya Ie mohopolo Ie ditsela tsa ho phela tsa Bophirimela e Ie sesupo sa tswelopele. Ha ho tswelopele e fetang mekgwa Ie diUwaelo tsa ho phela tsa rona tseo Mmopi a re bopelletseng Ie tsona. Ha ho ne ho se jwalo e ka be ho se moo ho 2 leng teng ka bophelo Bana ba reng ho morae ka bophelo ke ba sa tsebeng letho Ie ho ja bona ba peretlisa hore ba a tseba. Ha ho motho ya tswang Yuropa ya ka tsebang Basotho ho feta ka moo ba itsebang. Ha e ba ba ne ba salletse morao ka bophelo, ba ka be ba sa ka ba mathaka ho tla Aforika ho tla ba amoha tseo e leng tsa bona. Ho batlwa ho lomahantswe meno, hore letshwao la bomodimo dingo:lweng tsa Sesotho, bophelong bohle ba Basotho, ha e a batlisiswa ka mokgwa 00 e tshwanetseng 110 batlisiswa ka teng. Baithuti ba diqatjwa tsa Sesotho ba e okotse ka hodimo feela. Mosebetsi ona wa bona ke ditshiya Ie dikaletsa phuputsong ena. Phuputso mabapi Ie letshwao la bomodimo dingolweng tsa Sesotho e bohlokwa haholoholo nakong ena ya Ie lapa la matjhaba, mekgwa Ie ditlwaelo tsa ho pheJa tse ngata Ie tsosoloso ya Aforika eo poresidente wa Aforika Borwa Thabo Mbheki a e kgothaletsang ka rnatla. Djphuputso tse latelang ke mohlaia 0 tswilengt matsoho wa kenyakenya ya sekgeo seo re lokelang ho se tlatsa: 1.1.1 J.M. Katametsi (1998) Conflict in J.M. Ntsime's Drama - Text: Pelo e ja Serati Phehiso ya mofuputsi ke ho rekgohlano ke sebetsa sa bohlokwa se bopang Ie ho hlokomela hore nako e hlahang tshwantshisong e hohela tjhantje,llo ya madi kapa mmohi. Tshwantshiso ke se seng sa diqatjwa tsa bohlokwa tse pepesang letshwao la bomodimo Ie kgohlano e teng pakeng tsa lona Ie ditumelo tse ding. 1.1.2 A.M. Lesn:si (1990) Seemahale Lesitsi 0 phephetsa Basotho ba ntseng ba bolokile moetlo wa Sesotho ditubeng tsa bona, hore ba re tshedise lewatle Ie lefubedu la tahleho Ie ho se tsebe tseo re di baketsweng ke bokolone. Lesitsi 0 lekile ho phehisa Bodumeding ba Aforika, mme re moleboha ho menahane. 3 1.1.3 Y. Makhubela (2000) Art and Ideolo,gy in the Poetry of K.P.0. Maphalla Phupulso ena e eketsa kananelo ya thothokiso ya mobadi Ie ho tjhorisa bokgonr ba hae ba ho hlahloba mesebetsi ya diqatjwa e meng. Thothokiso e eketsa kananelo Ie bokgoni ba mmadi ho thahasella seo Mmopi wa hae a leng sona Ie kamano ya hae Ie yena. - .1.4 S.J. Malao (19-90) Tshekalsheko ya Dipadi lse di Kwadilweng ke .O.H Seboni ka Boena alane ya bophelo e a ipusa ka hohlehohle, e jkemetse, e leng letshwao leo ka mehia Ie sa fumantshweng seabo se Ie lokelang. Nalane ya bophelo e bontsha ka moo Bodumedi ba Setso bo ikemetseng ka teng, bo sa tshwanelang ho kgellwa fatshe Ie ho hlaloswa ho ya ka moo batho bao e seng balatedi ba bona ba hopolang ka teng . . •.5 P.R.S. Maphike (1991) History of Southern Sotho Literature as System. 1930 -1960 Sepheo sa phuputso ena ke ho pepesa ka kakaretso nalane ya ntshetsopele ya diqatjwa tsa Sesotho pakeng tsa dilemo tsa 1930-1960. Nakong ya ntshetsopele ya diqatjwa tsa Sesotho Bodumedi ba Setso bo ne bo qheJelwa ka thoko, mme ho phahami,swa Bokeresete Ie Bodumedi ba Bophirimela. Sena e brle lenyatso Ie tshabehang ntshetsopeleng ya diqatjwa tsa Seaforika. 1.1.6Z.A. Matsela ( 1990 ) Bochaba ba Basotho Tabatabelo ya mofuputsi ke hore Basotho ba utlwisise sehahabo bona ( sets sa bona ), ba tie ba tsebe ho itshepa Ie ho intlafatsa ka nepo ka sona. MatSela jwalo ka Lesitsi Iltlheng ya 1.1.2 0 phehisitse boitshupong ba Modimo. 1.1.7 J.M.L Moeketsi n990 ) A Social Cultural and Linguistic Study 0 PersonaJ Names in Sesotho Mofuputsi 0 re nJta hore mabitso a Sesotho a batho a na Ie dikahare tsa moetlo wa puo Ie setjhaba, ka hara mabitso a batho ka bowona, re 4 fuparelletswe kuUwisiso ya lefatshe Ie re potapotileng ya bana ba thari e ntsho, Ka ham kutlwisiso ya lefatshe Ie re potapotileng Mosotho 0 bona tlhaloso ya letshwao la bomodimo. Ho hlakile hore Modimo ke mango 1.1.8 S.B.M. Noge (1994) Loso jaaka Tlhotlheletso mo Pokong ya Setswana Mona re fumana mehopolo ya sethothokisi e amanang Ie lefu maemong a fapafapaneng a bophelo. Lefu ke ntlha e amanang ka kotloloho Ie borapedi. Bodumedi ba Setso bo hlalosa ka botebo ditaba tsa borapedi ba Basotho tse amanang Ie lefu. 1.1.9 B. Peterson (1997) Monarchs, Missionar'i'es and African nteUectual5 Redemption and Revolution in South African Theatre, 1900 -1940 Sepheo ke ho re bontsha peJlisiso e phunyeUetsang (bonaletsang) ya maikuUo a dUbakaneng a pherekano ya neeletsano ya bahlalefi ba fapaneng maemong a Aforika Borwa. Mona ho se ho ntse ho itotobatsa here mekgwa Ie meetlo ya Aforika e behwa ka mosing, ha ya Yuropa e Ie ka botleng. He kenyelletsa Ie yona tumelo ho Modimo 0 moholo, mme t10na ke qaka. 1.1.10 M.W. Tsiu (2001) Basotho Family Odes (Dibo,ko) and Oral TradiUon Tsiu mona 0 fuputsa diboko tsa maloko a Basotho, ka sepheo sa ho ullwisis tshimoloho ya tsona, popeho, dikahare, mesebetsi, mokgwa wa tshebediso Ie seabo sa ho di aoqelwa (phetelwa) nakong eo ho ithokwang ka yona. V10fuputsi phuputsong ya hae ho na Ie moo a amjleng taba ya bomodimo. Re hopola ka nako eo banna ba Basotho ba neng ba Ie mathateng, mme ba kopa Modirno hore e be Sekgele sa bona, ka nako eo ba ithokang ka yona. Ho dihelwa dikgala ka hona ka ho re letshwao la bomodimo dingolweng tsa Sesotho, e tlodisitswe mahlo ka nako e telele, mille e lokela ho tading;wa ka leihlo Ie ntjhotjho. Batho ba thahasella ho tseba moo ba tswang teng, e Ie hore ba He ba tsebe moo ba yang teng ekasitana Ie hona ho kena lelapeng la 5 matjhaba. Ka hoo re ka bona hore phuputso ena e bohlokwa Ie ho ba molemo boitsebisong ba Basotho ba batle. 1.2 BOBATSI LE MEEDI YA PHUPUTSO Taba ya mantilla phuputsong ke ho batlisisa letshwao la bomodimo dingolweng tsa Sesotho. Boholo Ie meedi patlisisong e tla ba dingolwa tse ngotsweng ke Basotho. Di Ua hie di baiwe ka kelohloko, ho phehelletswe ho umana hore di re hlalosetsa eng ka Bodumedi ba Setso, e leng fltlha e amanang Ie ho re beha leseding ka tll1aloso ya Modimo ka ho otloloha malebana Ie boitsebo ba Basotho. Ka bomadimabe re a tseba hore ho na Ie Basotho ba kgahlilweng ke none e feta e hlotsa, ba dumela ho kgeloswa jwalo ka metsi a foro ke baikaketsi b Yuropa; ba neng ba peretlisa hore ba tliseditse Aforika Bokeresete boo ka hara bona bo neng bo akga Ie Bodumedi ba Bophirimela. Bodumedi ba Bophirimela ke lesedi Ie tswelopele, ha Bodumedi ba Setso e Ie Ilefifi Ie tshatlomorao. Tsena ke ditoro tse neng di lorwa ke batho bana Kajeno lena Basotho ba furalletse Ie ho lahla Bodumedi ba Setso, mme ba kikitletse ditumelo tse ding tse kang Bokeresete, Ise'amo, Bohinduiseme, Budu~seme, jwalojwalo. Ho feta mona ho tla ba Ie diplJisano Ie baetapele Ie dikgalala tsa rona ditabeng tsa Bodumedi ba Setso, (bakeng sa t1haloso ena bala Mofingoe; 2001 : 67 - 68). Ella he ke tsela eo ho tla lekwa hore ho se ke ha Iphumanwa pere e balehile ka diqana, ho hlahlatherwa feelleng, ho tSWllwe Jekoteng, ho hoholak'Na tsohle tseo ho kopanwang Ie tsona, ho tshetswe kapa hona ho tlola meedi le boholo ba phuputso. .3 MOKGWA WA PHUPUTSO lE MANOllO Phuputso e sa sebediseng tsela ya manollo e itseng eba moqoqo feela tjena, o se nano moelelo kapa tekanyo. Ho ka pepesa Ie ho netefatsa dintlha tse qollotsweng t1asa sepheo sa phuputso, ho tla balwa dibuka, diphuputso Ie masedinyana a hlalosang letshwao la bomodimo dingolweng tsa Sesotho. 6 Ditsela tsa manollo tse tla sebediswa ho thusa ho fihlella sepheo sa phuputso ke Tsela yo. Semiotikl, Dipulsano Ie Basotho, Lenaka la motheo (Lekgotla 10. Kgaso 10. Aforika Borwa ), Theho ya mabitso Ie Tshebediso ya matshwao. 1.4 MORALO WA PHUPUTSO Phuputso ena e arotswe dikgaolo tse tsheletseng. Kgaolo yo. pele ke selelekela se akaretsang, mme ho sona ho fuma'1··!)a sepheo, boholo Ie meedi. mokgwa Ie manallo ~e moralo wa phuputso. Ka mantswe a mang ke ka moo ho tl.ang 110 sebetswa ka teng. Kgao~o ya bobedi e tla batlisisa dintlha tseo ka tsona ho ka hlaloswang letshwao la bomodimo ka teng dingolweng ka mokgwa wa Semiotiki. Kgaolong ya boraro phUpUISO e tla shebana Ie makgetha a letshwao la bomodimo phedisanong, ho shebilwe letshwao 10. boltshupo ba bomodimo, boitshupo ba bomodimo phedisanong, boitshupo ba bomodimo Uholehong Ie letshwao 10. bomodimo phedisanong . Kgaolo yo. bone e tla tsepamisetsa maiklltlo letshwaong la bomodimo Uholehong, ho tadinngwe tlhokomelo yo. bomodimo Ie diqatjwa ka kakaretso. Kgaolo ya bohlano yona e tie. shebana fe .Iebitso, ho Ie reha Ie ho Ie rehana, dintlha tse tlang ho qollwa ke tlhaloso ya lebitso, ya rehang ngwana lebitso Ie mekgwa ya theho yo. r11abitso. Kgaolo ya botshelela yona e tla phenyekolla 80dumedj ba 8etso, boitshupo, sebaka Ie tulo ya Modimo, maikutlo a behwe ho tlhaloso, qaleho, baetapele Ie dintho tse thunlhetsang Bodumedi ba 8etso, Kgaolo ya bosupa e tla dihela dikgala ka qetello e akaretsang ya dikgaolo tse tsheletseng tsa pele, pl1ephetso ya phuputso, dikgeo tsa yone :e ler2~e la mehlodi. Jwale phuputso e tla tswella pele ka ho phenyekol!a se, ,ooho sa yona dikgaolong tse latelang. 7 GAOLQ VA 2 MOKGWA WA PHUPUTSO LE M OllO 2~1 SELELEKELA Phuputso e sa sebediseng tsela ya manoBo e itseng eba moqoqo feela tjena, o se nang moelelo. Ho ka pepesa Ie ho netefatsa dintlha tse qollotsweng Hasa sepheo sa phuputso, e leng dintlha tsa letshwao la bomodimo, ditsela tsa manoUo tse t1al19 ho sebediswa ho thusa hofihlella sepheo sa phuputso ke: 2.2 Tsela ya Semiotiki, 2.3 Dipuisano Ie Basotho, 2.4 Lenaka la Motheo (Lekgotla la Kgaso la Aforika Borwa) Ie 2.5 Theho ya mabitso, 2.6 e tla ba etello_ Tsena he ke dintlha tseo kgaolo ena e tlang ho di beha lethlo tlasa sehlooho sa mokgwa wa phuputso Ie ;'"1ano,'o 2.2 TSELA VA SEMIOTIKI he Concise Oxford Engl;lsh Dictionary (.~ 934:828) e hlalosa Tsela ya Semiotiki ka mokgwa ona: The study of signs and symbols and thei;- ~Jse, especially in language. Athe ha e Ie Greentee (1973:23 - 24) yena 0 re: Typically Peirce defines a sign as;o!::>ws: "A sign is everything which is related to a second thing, its object, in respect to a Quality, in such a way as to bring a Third thjng, i1s Interpretant, into relation to the same Object, and that in stich a way was to bring a fourth into relation to that Object in the same fonn, ad infinitum" (2.92) Baithuti ba nang Ie thahasello Tseleng ya Semiotiki ba hlalosa tsela ena ka mekgwa e mengatanyana e fapatapaneng. Ditlhaloso tsena ha di hlabane, empa di a tlatsana, di etsa tlamathata. Letshwao ke nlho eo motho a e bonang Ie ho e amohela e emetse ho hong ka tsela e itseng. Sebopeho se ka hare sa letshwao se na Ie dikarolo tse pedi, e leng ntho e emetseng e nngwe Ie ntho e emetsweng. Letshwao Ie sebediswa jwalo ka ntho e emetseng e 8 nngwe ha feela Ie lokela maemo ao Ie sebediswang ka hara ona. Ha mmela 0 ntse 0 puta Tsela ya Semiotiki e ile ya hla ya ikatela ka hoba lekala Ie ikemetseng, ya intshetsa pele. Ke hona mona moo e ileng ya rehwa Thuto ya Matshwao. Mohopolo ona wa letshwao 0 fetile tlasa dipotso tse thata Ie tse boima. Pontsho jwaio ka letshwao e wela t1asa Tsela ya Semiotiki, mme yona e emetse dintho tse bonwang Ie dikamano. Semiotiki ke saense ya matshwao. Ke mokgatlo kapa mokgwa 0 sebedisang matshwao ho hlalosa mohopolo kapa maikutlo a itseng. Sa bang ba barthuti ba phehisitseng ho tlala seatJa Tseleng ya Semiotikr ke Peiroe, Saussure, Hjelmslev, Jabobson, Eco, Greenlee, Riffaterre I'e ba bang. Ho ya ka diqotso Ie ditll1aloso tse ka hodimo mona, ho a totobala hore Tsela ya Semiotiki ho Ika thwe ke saense e shebaneng Ie ho utofla moelelo ka hara setjhaba. E sebetsana Ie metjha ya bohlokwahadi Ie puisano, e leng mekgwa eo moelelo 0 itseng 0 hlahiswang Ie ho fapanyetsanwa ka yona. Ka hohlehohle e etsa hore puisano di be bobebe Ie ho kgonahala. Letshwao Ie jtlhomme ka sehloohong sa mohopolo wa moelelo kapa bohlokwa ba wona, ka ha Ie dumellana Ie ho bebofatsa tsamaiso ya moelelo (se bolelwang). Ka ntle ho tshebediso ya letshwao, ho ke ke ha eba Ie puisano e tswileng matsoho pakeng tsa batho, ka ha ho se motho ya ka bonang ka harehare ho pelo ya motho e mongo Le bophelo bo ne bo ria ba bosula. Lentswe la Sekgeri,ke 1a Symbolon lie ka sebediswa jwalo Ika letshwao, tshepiso ya ho rtlama kapa sehopotso. Bohlokwa ba lorla ke hore Ie tiisa seo Ie se emetseng. Hiffaterre (1978:81) 0 dumellana Ie mohopolo ona tjena: The shift from meaning to significance necessitates the concept of interpretant, that ls, a sign that translates the text's surface signs and explains what else the text suggests .. Peirce, propounder of the concept, puts it this way: "A sign stands for something to the idea which it produces, or modifies.... That tor which it stands is called Its object; that which it conveys, its meaning; and the idea to which it gives rise, its interpretant. Ntlha e hwayahwang Ie e hlohlontshang' drtsebe ke ha Greenlee a re Peirce 0 hlalosa letshwao e Ie ntho e nllgwe Ie e nng:we e ka bonwang ka mahlo Ie no 9 tshwarNa ka matsoho. Na mehopolo ya motho ho ke ke ha thwe ke matshwao? Kelello Ie rnenahano yona e ka se sebediswe jwalo ka matshwao? Nakong ya pUisano pakeng tsa batho ba babedi mantswe a tswang melomong ya bona Ie ho utlwahala a supa Ie ho tiisa eng seo se a emetseng? Bohlokwa ba kelello ke bofe ho tliseng moeleJo, e JenQl se bolelwang ke letshwao? Tlhaloso ya Peirce e batla e Ie batsi haholo. Ho hang Peirce tlhalosong ya hae ha a kenyelletsa letho Ie amanang Ie se ka kelellong ya motho. Bona ke bomadimabe hobane Tsela ya Semiotjki ha e htalose letshwao e Ie ntho e ka bonwang ka mahlo Ie ho tshwarwa ka matsoho feela. Diketso tsa batho tse amanang; Ie bophelo ba bOlla ba letsatsi ka leng di h~aloswa e Ie matshwao. Greenlee (1973:24-25) 0 qotsa James tjena: We all of us have a definite routine manli1er of performing certain daily offices connected w~t~ tl1e toilet, wiUilhe opening and shuWng of familiar cupboards, and the like, Our lower centres know the order of these ,ovements, and show their knowledge by their "surprise" if the objects are altered so as to oblige the movement to be made in a different way. But our higher thought centres know hardly anything about the maner. Few men can tell off - hand which sock, shoe, or trouser - leg they put on f~rst. Ho ya ka tlhaloso ena ha ho potang hore tsohle tseo motho a di etsang, tse amanang Ie keleJ!lo Ie mehopolo ya hae, Ie ha e Ie tse ke keng tsa tshwarwa ka matsoho Ie ho bonwa ka mahlo, di ka hlaloswa e Ie matshwao. Mehlala e qollotsweng qotsong ke ho ya ntlwaneng, ho bula Ie ho kwala dikhabote Ie tse ding. Matla a masole a mmele wa motho a mo thusang hore a hopole Ie ho hetha mesebetsi ya hae ya letsatsi e ka hlaloswa e Ie matshwao. Ho ka ba molemo ho utlwisisa Ie ho amohela moelelo (se bolelwang) ho ya ka tlhaloso ya Peirce e Ie letshwao ~e leng Ie Ie leng Ie hlalosang letshwao Ie leng, letshwao leo e ka ba mohopolo ka hara kelello ya motho, polelo e boletsweng kapa ntho e rmgwe lie e nngwe feela e ka hlaloswang. Eco (1984: 15-18) 0 arola matshwao ka dikarolo tse tsheletseng tse latelang: 1. Letshwao Ie emetseng mohopolo 0 kobutuweng. 10 2. Letshwao Ie emetseng mohopolo wa dikgokahanyo. 3. Letshwao Ie emetseng mohopolo wa dintho tse sa bonweng Ie dikamano. 4. Letshwao Ie emetseng mohopolo wa dintho tse bonwang. 5. Letshwao lie tshwantshisang mohopolo 0 itseng. 6. Letshwao la dipolelo tse emetseng mohopolo 0 itseng (phetolelo ya rona). Seratswana se latelang se lla hlalosa moelelo wa letshwao ka lieng wa a bo,8rsweng ka hoa:rflo. 2.2.1 Lelshwao Ie emetseng mohopolo 0 kobutuweng Mofuta ona wa letshwao mohopolo 00 ile 0 emetseng 0 patehile, ha ho bobebe ho 0 elellwa. Moel.elo 00 Ie 0 t1isang ha 0 hlokome:lehe ha bonolo. 0 paUle h!looho ya ona. Le a hohela !e ho hapa maikutlo a motho. Le senoIa mohopolo 0 neng 0 kobutuwe e Ie sephiri. Ho feta mOlla letshwao lena Ie emetse ho tsebisahatsa motho kapa ntho e pateh~leng. Mengwapo Ie ,I'8tetetso ke matshwao a senolang hore motho ya nang Ie wona 0 kile a hlahelwa ke kotsi. Sebaka se nang le dithako ke letshwao la hore kgalekgale ll~ong eo ho kile ha haha batlno ba mofuta 0 itseng, ha ho thwe mohlomong Basotho. Mothating ona hollle ho hlake hore letshwao Ie emetseng mohopolo 0 kobutuweng ha se dintho tse iketseditsweng ke batho feela, empa le tsona diketsahalo tsa tlhaho. Ntho e itseng ke letshwao ka ha feela e hlaloswa e Ie letshwao la ntho e itseng. Tsela ya Semiotiki ha e sebetsane Ie mofuta 0 itseng wa ntho feela, empa e sebetsana Ie dintho tse tlwaelehileng tse ka sebediswang jwalo ka matshwao. Ntlha ya hore dllltho tsa tlhaho di ka sebediswa jwaJo ika matshwao Verhoef (2001:1iO) 0 e hrlalosa ka mantswe ana: 11 On this ground Umberto Eco contends: "A sign is everything that, on the grounds of a previously established social convention, can be taken as something standing for something else." Natural signs as well as cultural 5.igns are included in this definftion - it is through social convention that we leamlo interpret a dark cloud as a coming rain storm. Bolepi ba tsa boemo ba lehodimo ke letshwao la Uhaho. Maru a matshomatsho ke letshwao la hore ho tla na pula ya dikgoho.la. Letshwao ke ntho e teng eo ho yona ho kobutuweng ho ba teng ha ntho e nngwe e itseng nakong ya jwale, nakong e fetileng kapa nakong e tlang. Mehlala e meng ya mofuta ona wa letshwao ke matshwao a ho kula, bopaki ba botlokotsebe, matshwao a tlhokomediso ya matshwao a ho noha Ie matshwao a tlhokomediso ya ho tla ha ba ,Ieng kgahlanong Ie Jeso Keresete (Antichrist) e Majakane a dumelang ho ye·na jwafo ka ha ba bitswa Bakeresete. 2.2.2 Letshwao Ie emetseng mohopolo wa dikgokahanyo Mofuta alla wa letshwao ke puo e tlwaelehileng, e buuwang ka letsatsi Ie :Ieng Ie Ie leng ho hokahanya batho. Ho pepeswa mehopolo ya motho ho motho e mongo Hare mehopolo ena e tie e finyelle ka katleho ho motho eo e fetisetswana ho yena, ho tshwanetswe ho latelwe melawana (dikhoutu) e itseng. Melawana ena e a ipopa, e be e iHhophe, hore e tie e fane ka ohopolo 0 uUwahalang Ie 0 amohelehang. Ha ho hlaloswa melawana Ie mehlala ya matshwao a emetseng mohopolo wa dikgokahanyo ho thwe: A code is a system of signs, consisting of both a claes of ~:dns and the rules regulating their use. Think of the Panel Code or the Traffic Code (Eco; 1984:3). Mehlala e welang tlasa mofuta ona wa letshwao ke difolakga tsa mawatleng, matshwao a mebileng, diboto tsa matshwao, matshwao a kgwebo, dilebole, mapetjo .Ie tse ding. Modumo wa mantswe a tswang melomong ya batho ka ako eo ho buuwang ka yona Ie wona ke matshwao. Riffaterre (1978:86) 0 kgema Ie ntlha ena tjel1a: 2 Now I should Ilke to examine the case - which may perhaps look like extreme verbalism - where the dual title, instead of referring to another text as text, refers to it as an example, or as a repository of lexicon and grammar characteristic of a code, of a conventional discourse. 2.2.3 Letshwao Ie emetseng dintho tse sa bonweng Ie dikamano Mefuta e mmedi ya matshwao a boletsweng ka hodimo ho 2.2.1 Ie 2.2.2 e kgahlanong Ie letshwao Ie emetseng dintho tse sa bonweng Ie dikamano. Mabaka a lJtlwahalang, lero Ie sebediswang lefapheng la kemisetiri. drfomula tsa lekala I'a dipalo Ie sebedisang diletere, ditshwantsho, maikutlo, tekolo, boitshwaro, neeletsano, jwalojwalo, ke mehlala ya mofuta ona wa letshwao. Matshwao ana a bonahala eka a tshwana Ie a mofuta wa bobedi, empa ha ho jwata. Tshebetso tse phetwang ke ditshwantsho hodima se bolelwang e fetola ikahare. Ha tshebetso di ohetwa ho latela melawana e itseng, eba ho fumaneha t1hahisoleseding e ntlha mabapi Ie dikahare. Ha ho lokiswa mela ya karete ya mmapa wa lefa1she hore e tsepame hantle, ho ba bobebe ho noha dibaka tse tsamayang ha mmoho. Ha ho takwa kgutlotharo ka hara sedikadikwe. eba jwale ho tla fumaneha din1ho tse ntjha tseo e !eng tsa sedikadikwe. Tsena di etsahala feela ka ha mahareng a se bolelwang Ie dikahare bonahala eka di arohane, empa di fana ka tjheseho Ie mafolofolo ho batho. Le ha mofuta ona wa boraro wa letshwao 0 tlile ka motho ka sepheo sa hore a be Ie dikamano Ie batho ba bang, 0 bonahala 0 tsamaya motjheng wa mofuta wa pele, Ie tlO ja e se matshwao atlhaho. A bitswa diemahaJe kapa matshwao a nang Ie ho tshwana dikarolong tse ding. 2.2.4 Letshwao Ie emetseng mohopolo wa dintho tse bonwang Mofuteng ona wa Iletshwao ho hlakile hore ho sebediswa dintho tse bonwang ho bopa Ie ho hlahisa mohopolo. Sena ke bopaki bo felletseng ba hore ha ho puisano e ka bang teng pakeng tsa batho, nUe Ie tshebediso ya matshwao. Letshwao ke sesebediswa sa bohlokwahlokwa sa ho tlisa moelelo, empa letshwao ka bolona ha se moelelo. Ke karolwana feela ya letshwao, eo e lang karolwana ya moelelo. Ntlha ena e hlaka hantle ha ho thwe: 113 What is a si'gn?: something which stands to somebody in some respect or capacity. The sign, its object and its interpretant stand in relations (Verhoef; 2001 :6) Ntho e nngiwe Ie e llngwe e bonwang, e nang Ie bokgoni ba ho emela mohopolo wa dintho tse bonwang Ie ho tshwarwa ka matsoho, e bitswa setsr.'.'iantsho. Setshwantsho sena ke tshupo, e leng moelelo wa dikamano tse ka ntle tsa letshwao. Ke t~waelo bophel:ong ho kopanya letshwao Ie seo Ie se supang. Batho ba jele tlwaye hore ha ba bona setshwantsho, e leng se emetsweng, ha ho thwe mohlomong ke setshwantsho sa ntlo, ho be ho se ho hwe ke nflo, e leng se bolelang ntlo ka boyona. Ha ho bonwa setshwantsho sa nUo pampiring ho thwe: "'Ntlo e ntle l" empa ha 6 Ie nnete letshwao la ntlo ke pampiri, hantlentle ntlo ena e na Ie pampiri, sebopeho Ie mehopolo. Matshwao a ka emela dlntho tse bonwang. 2.2.5 Letshwao Ie Ishwantshisana mohopolo 0 its-eng Ke tlwaelo ho anallela ditshwantsho tse kgonang ho hlahisa moelelo wa se emetsweng. Ditshwantsho tsena di tshwantshisa Ie ho hlahisa mohopolo ka mokgwa 0 kgotsofatsang. Setshwantsho sa sefapano ke letshwao Ie emetseng Bokeresete, e leng tumelo ya Bakeresete ba dumelang ho Jeso Keresete. Setshwantsho sa hamore Ie sekele ke letshwao Ie emetseng Bokomonisi, e leng tsamaiso ya setjhaba eo ho yona moruo 0 leng matsohong a setjhaba, mme rnotho ka mong tshebetsong ya hae ha a itjheba a Ie mong to ka monwana, empa 0 sebeletsa setjhaba ka kakaretso. Setshwantsho sa kgwedi e halofo e kobehileng ke letshwao Ie emetseng tumelo ya Iselamo, eo moetape~e wa yona e leng Muhammad, balatedi bona ke Mamoseleme. Matshwao ana ke ditshwantsho ka ha a kgona ho hlakisa Ie ho tiisa mohopolo 00 a 0 emetseng. A bitswa dipontsho, a Ila Ie moelelo 0 tsitsitseng. 2.2.6 Letshwao la dipolelo tse emetseng mohopoJo 0 itseng Lefatsheng ho na Ie dipuo tse ding tse kang Seitaliya tse ananelang hore dipolelo tse itseng di emetse mohopolo 0 itseng. Letshwao lena leo e leng polelo Ie na Ie tlamahano Ie mohopolo wa ya buang, kamano ya tihaloso e 14 supanQ mohopolo 00 motho ya buang a lakatsang ho 0 tlisa. Hape Ie na Ie lamahano Ie motho ya amohelang molaetsa, moo motho ya buang a Ilakatsang ho kgutsufatsa diphetolelo Ie ho matlafatsa kananelo ya moelelo wa hae. Mohlala wa polelo eo e leng letshwao Ie emetseng mohopolo 0 itseng ke ena: "Naledi ya Leboya," moelelo 0 emetsweng ke polelo ena ke sesesi, ka mantswe a mang motlno ya sesang. Greenlee (1973:30) 0 totobatsa kotsi Ie bothata ba ho akaretsa hare ntho e nngwe Ie e nngwe e ka sebediswa jwalo kaletshwao Ie emetseng mohopolo 0 itseng: The first principle of Peirce's sign ttleory asserts that the sign relation requires an object functioning signirf1catively. To be a sign - to functfon as significatively - is not necessarily to be a word, or a natural signature, or an idea, or any other particular class of 'things (except, of course, the class of siglls). The world is the province of signs, alttlough not everythiog is a sign. The difference between that which is and that wl1ich is not a sign is what sign theory aims to describe. o ya ka Peirce ha se nepo hore ho thwe ntho e nngwe Ie e nngwe e ka sebedi;swa jwalo ka letshwao Ie emetseng se bolelwang Ie mohopolo 0 itseng. o ka ba molemo haholo ha ho ka tebiswa maikutlo ntlheng ena, mme ha totobatswa ntlha ena tjena: (a) Ntho e nngwe Ie e nngwe e ka sebediswa jwalo ka letshwao :_.!ong e itseng Ie ka nako e itseng. E seng hohle Ie ka nako tsr~le. (b) Ntho e nngwe IH e nng\ive e ka sebediswa jwalo ka lets(;\.vao ha feela e na Ie matshwao a bohlokwa a hlokahallang. Mohlala 0 moUe 0 hlakisang mohopolo ana wa Peirce ke sepalangwang se rwalang bana ba sekolo, ho ba isa sekolong. Hore sepalangwang se rvvala bana 110 ba isa sekolong, ha ho bolele hore ka !etsatsi Ie leng Ie is leng se tla kgona ho rwala bana Ie ho ba isa sekolong. Sepalangwang sena se tshwanela ho ba maemong a matle, a loketseng hore se ka kena mebileng. Monga sona a se ise ho batho ba lokisang makoloi hore ba se lekole, moo se 15 hl,okang ho lokiswa ba se lokise, e Ie hore se tie se be maemong a loketseng tsela. Jwale ke hona se tla kgona ho IlIvala bana ba sekolo. Mohlala 0 mong ke wa lentswe Ie itseng, mohlomong ha ho thwe lentswe leo ke la Sesotho oka. Ho ke ke ha tiiswa. ha hlapanngwa hore moelelo wa lentswe lena ke 0 itseng. Tabataba ke hore motho ya Ie sebedisang 0 Ie sebedisa jwang, maemong afe? Noka e na Ie meelelo e mmal1wa e latelang: (c) Setho sa mmele. (d) Ho tshela dinoko dijong. (e) Sebaka se nang Ie metsi. Ke ka tsela ena feela ya ho h:lokomela hore e be ntho e sebediswang jwalo ka e emetseng mohopolo 0 itseng efela e loketse maemo ao ho ka aHehwang orerong ona. Ho feta mona taba ena e tla thusa hare ho kwekwetlwe tlwaelo ya ho nna ho tlamellwa mohopolo diketsahalong tse sa amaneng Ie ona. Ntho e ka sebediswa jwalo ka letshwao ha feela maemo Ie nako tsa yona di a umena te ho amoheleha. Riffarette (1978:86) Ie yena 0 fUsa hore mokgwa Ie maemo ao ntho e sebediswang ka ona hore e be letshwao a bohlokwa haholo ka ha ntho ena e bile e ka ba Ie meelelo e fetang bonngwe: The dual sign is an equivocal word situated at the point where two sequences of semantic or formal associations intersect. Nodal point might be a better jmage, since the word links together chaills of association drawn along parallel paths by the sentence These parallels meet, in defi,ance of geometric law, only because the dual sign properly placed in olle of the two sequences would have been just as much at home in the other. Ho se ke ha uwa Ie kgongwana hodimo ya hore Maaforika ha ho letho leo ba Ie entseng mabapi Ie tshebediso ya matshwao. Djphehiso tsa bona di hlaloswa iwana: Feela ho na Ie tshabo e yang e ntse e hola hara baahJodi ba Maaforika e renQi ho tshwana ho akaretsang ho tshwana Ie ho hloleha ho sebetsa ka 16 nepo dingolweng tsa Maaforika. Tshabo ena e ikepetse nnete ya hore ditsela tsa "baditjhaba" di tshwana di etsa batho ho se natse kapa hona ho tella matshwao a kgemang Ie meetlo e fumanwang dingolweng tse ding. Seo re se boletseng mona se se ke sa tshoha se re thetsa hore ha ho letho Ie entsweng kontinenteng ena: A.C. Jordaan, H.J.E. Dhlomo, Es'kia Mphahlele, George Kahare, 0.8. Ntuli Ie J.IM.Lenake (Aforika 8orwa) ba hlahisitse ditsh~s~inyo tse itseng lse fapaneng. Ha ba totobatsa More ho hlokahala tjhadimo ya Maaforika feela, empa ba bile ba entse matsapa a bontshang hore na se lokelang ho amohelwa e Ie matshwao a Seaforika ke sefe dingolweng. (Se,lepe; TJ et ai., 1991-13) a se ba mose ho mawatle feela ba phehisitseng ho Tsela ya Semiotlki, empa Ie Maaforika a bile Ie seabo. Seabo sa bona ke hore batho ba se kgelle fatshe rnatshwao a kgemang Ie meetlo e fumanwang dingolweng tse dill ..... 'Kontinente ya Aforika e na Ie ditshisinyo tse ngata tse entsweng ke Maaforika. 8a totobaditse hore ditjhadimo tsa ;\Iiaaforika di hlokahala haholo. Ba hlalositse ka mokgwa 0 motle hore na se tshwanetseng ho ananelwa e Ie matshwao a Seaforika ke sefe dingolweng. Thahase!lo e kgolo ho baithuti ba dingolwa ke Tsela ya Tshebediso ya Matshwao ya puo Ie dingolwa. Matshwao ana a tumanwa mabitsong a dingolwa, dihloohong tsa dikgaolo, dilelekeleng, phuthollong ya ditaba, mabitsong a baphetwa, tseleng eo baphetvva ba tshwantshwang ka yona, tikolohong, mofuteng wa sengolwa Ie melawaneng ya sona, t1hohlomisong, ditemaneng, jwalojwalo. 2.3 DIPUISANO LE BASOTHO Basotho bao ho rIa buisanwa Ie bona, ke Basotho ba sebele, ka madl Ie ka dipuo tsa bona. Ha ba Uwaela mekg'vva ya kajeno, ka mantswe a mang ha se Bokgowanatshwana. Ba Uisa ditaba tsa bona ka ho hlapanya ka marena a bona. Ba rata Ie ho roka marena a bona. Ke baetapele, dikgalala Ie bahale ba nang Ie tsebo Ie boiphihlelo ditabeng tse amanang Ie letshwaola bomodimo dingolweng tsa Sesotho. Ba itlhomme ka pele, ba hlahella ka mahetla. Ba tletse Aforika ena yohle ekasitana Ie mose ho mawatle. 17 2.4 LENAKA LA M'OTHEO (LEKGOTLA LA KGASO LA AFORIKA ORWA) Lenaneong lena sebohodi Mosollali Mohapi 0 ye a buisane Ie Basotho ba nang Ie tsebo Ie boiphihlelo ditabeng tsa Bodumedi ba Setso jwalo ka ha ho hlalositswe mona hodimo ntlheng ya 2.3. Mohopolo ona 0 hlaloswa tjena: Lenaka la Motheo seyalemoyeng ka Labobedi ka hora ya 21 :00 mantsi­ boya, mona he maikutlo a tsepamisetswa Bodumeding ba Setso ka kotJoloho. Ho shejwanwe Ie ditsela tsohle tseo Basotho ba sebele- tsang Modimo 0 moholo ka tsona. (Bodumedi Diqatjweng tsa Sesotho; 2001 :70). 2.5 THEHO YA MABITSO Ka tsela ya Theho ya Mabitso mongodil 0 reha, 0 bolela kapa ho hlahisa lebitso Ie itseng, e Ie ha a leka ho hlalosa semelo kapa boitsebiso ba mophetwa. Kgaolong ya bone Ie ya bohlano moelelo ona 0 t1a hlal;lIv8U, diatla di roba'kilwe ke ho shwela batho. 3.5.4.2 Jere J Mosito I Pilo MatSela (1990:15) ho e nngwe ya dithapelo tsa kgalekgale tsa Basotho ha a bua ka mabitso ana Ie moelelo wa ona 0 re: Oho Mo{jimo re utloe, re a rapela: Modimo 0 mocha rapela oa khale, U re rapelle ho 0 moholo Jere: Mojari 08 litsito tsa batho; Molimo oa Leseli, oa Rammoloki; Molimo 0 Ilatla Ii maroba, Liatla ~i robakiloe ke ho re shoela; liatla litSoeu tsa Rammoloki, Hlahla metsi U a etse keleli, Hoba keleling U nchafatsa lichaba teng, Lichaba Ii tsoang ho Uena Mopong, Li tlang ho kgut~ela ho Uena Meahong. Leseljl Tnapelong ena ho totobatswa hore Modimo 0 senyehile tshobotsr ke ho jara ditshito, melato, makgopo Ie mefokolo ya batho. Ka baka la mojaro 0 boima wa makgopo a batho, 00 a iieng a 0 jara mahetleng, ya eba metha wa mahlomola Ie ya tsebang mahloko. A ipelesa mahloko a batho. Ke vena ya lefelletseng batho dibe tsa bona ka theko e boima ya ho ba shwela. Ntlha ena e netefatswa jwana: tate 0 ba jarele mefokolo Dikepi 0 di jare ka mahetla tate 0 ba fodis Ka moya 0 batang. Sa teronkong Ntate Ie bona ba jarsle mefokolo 36 Taba di tsejwa ke wena ya matla ohle Le jwale ka ho sa eng kae ka be ke re: Amene ke qetile. Dumela Amene ke qetela puo. (Moletsane; 1983:83) 3.5.4.3 Moababophelo f Mofabophelo , Mohokong I Seabi sa bophelo Mabitso ana a mane a Modimo a hlalosa ka ho hlaka hore jwalo ka ha Modimo a lie a bopa motho wa pele ho tswa lel1lakeng Ntswanatsatsi, eo lebitso la hae e leng Mopelimoholo Ie bohle ba tlileng ka moran ho vena, 0 ile a etsa hore e be dibopuwa tS8 phelang. Modimo 0 ile a ba fa phefomoloho ya ho phela. Ka dinkong tsa bona a bodulela moya wa bophelo, mme batho ya eba dibopu,wa tse phelang. Sa ptlediswa ke moya ona, ha Modimo a ba amoha \lVona, eba ba fellwa ke bophelo, e, ba fela hang. Mocoancoeng (1982:11) ha a bua ka Modimo jwalo ka ya fanang ka bophelo 0 re: Ke Modimo feel1a {Unkulukulu, Tnixo) 0 bileng Ie 0 entseng 0 e na Ie matla a ho bopa phoofolo ya nama Ie madi Ie masapo. Wa kenya moya wa botho setopong sena, sa phela. Jwalo ka ha Modimo 0 nkuwa 0 bopile motho ka lerole la lefatshe, ho ya ka tumelo ka nako eo a sl1wang ka yona, mmele 00 e leng lerole 0 tshwanela h kgutlela ho monga wona meahong. Lefu ke tsela ya batho bohle, dibopuwa tsol1ls di tla feta ho lona jwalo ka thari e ba isang ho Mmopi wa bona. 3.5.4.4 Moahlodi I Ralefatshe I Rasehlaba Maphalla (1984:15) ha a hlalosa ka moo Modimo e leng Moahlodi ka [eng 0 re: Peseletsa ngwaneso, A ko itlhakole masodi, A lefatshe manyampeHa, A tsejwa ke Moablodi. Segoete (1970:91 - 92 ) 0 re mane mmopong moo Modimo ya tsebang toka Ie nnete a leng teng, ke naha ya bophelo, naha e ntle, e tala ka mehla, ya 37 kgotso, toka Ie kgalalelo. Ditjhaba tse ngata di rorisa Morena ka mehla Dimpe tsohie ha di na tulo ho ona. Motse ona 0 na Ie puso e ntle Ie toka yohle. Le na Modimo a Ie mmopong, jwalo ka Ralefatshe 0 teng Ie lefatsheng, 0 bona manyampetla a lona, mme 0 na Ie phiphitha Ie letooto la dipotso ka wona. Mesebetsi yohle ya motho e fahlang mmuso wa hae ka lehiabathe 0 a e hlaba, mme batho ba tshwanela ho ikarabella. Kahlolo ya Modimo e etsahala hona jwale mona lefatsheng, e seng ha motho a hlokaha,la kapa nako e· Uang. Modimo 0 ahlola tsohle tseo a di bopi1en91 ka toka, 0 di abela mahlohonolo ka toka, 0 emela ba tujwang Ie ba hatelletsweng Ie ho ahlola ba etsang dimpe ka kahlolo e ba tshwanelang. Kahlolo ya Modimo ho ba fokolang e hlaloswa ka mokgwa ona: At times he punishes wickedness by means of sickness, disease, accident, famine, drought, storm, war, calamity or even death. Yet people may pray to him to forgive and take away punishment. (Mbiti; 1975:52) 'Modimo 0 a halalela, ha ho moo a kopanang Ie mesebetsi ya lefifi ya lefatshe lena teng. 0 rata batho bao e leflQ; dibopuwa tsa hae, empa 0 hloile ,esebetsi ya bona ya lefik 0 ba otla ba sa Ie lefatsheng lena, a ba lokisetse leeto la ho ya meahong ho vena. Mohau wa hae 0 ye 0 bonahale ka nako eo batho ba hlokahalang, ha a ba amohela mmopong, mme ba fetoha badimo, e eba medimo e metjl1a ie e menyenyane. 3.5.4.5 Mmaballi l Mofani I Molani wa dimpho tsohle I Mofani wa Isohle I Rasefabatho Mabitso ana a mahlano a Modimo a hlalosa ka mokgwa 0 hlakileng ka moo Modimo a sa kang a tlohella mmopo wa diatla tsa hae ha a qeta ho 0 bopa. Empa 0 ntse a e ns Ie wona, a 0 baballa. Selepe (1994: 14) a dumellanale ntlha ena tjena: Tumelo re sa tla e lebisa kae wee? Re tla tshepa wena Mmopi wa rona, Wena ya baballetseng maphelo a rona, Ka enwa re kenelwa ke pelaelo. 38 Sena se bolela hore tsohle tseo Modimo a di bopileng di Ie nUe di nne di tswelle pele ka sebopeho seo, Modimo 0 di abela melemo ya hae ka ho di fa dimpho tsohle tse hlokahalang, 0 di abela dintho tsohle tse Hang ho di matlafatsale ho di ntshetsa pele, e leng bophelo, mahlasedi a letsatsi, pula, matsi, bophelo bo botle, di'jo, tshirelletso, ho ata ha batho, diphoofolo Ie dimela. Basotho ba dumela hore Modimo 0 fana feela ka d[ntho tse nUe tseo motho jwalo ka ya ka sehloohong popong, a di thabelang Ie ho di ananela ka matsoho a mabedi. Basotho ba rapela Modimo hore a ba fe tseo ba di hlokang Ie ho ba ema noken9 ka flako tse mahlonoko, ba etsa jwalo ka ha ba dumela hore 0 a ba baballa. Paballo ya Modimo e boela e netefatswa ka mantswe ana: Mmopi 0 a fana, Rasefabatho, o file mora Kgware bookamelabatho. Mehleng ya kgale e ne e Ie mpodi, E Ie mmampodi ya koduthamaha, A okametse metjodl ho alositswe, Ho katlilwe dinare Phirftona, Oi ntshwa mahobo, di aloha lephola, Ho mokonyetswa nonyana ke metjodimeholo1 Esita Ie Ramosweu 0 kHe a rno tlatsa, Rantsho wabo Faplleng la Thuto, (Lesora; leq.17) Tsena he ke dimpho tse totobatsang paballo ya Modimo sebopuweng sa hae, Kgware, dimpho tsa bookamelabatho. Mokoena (1985:6) 0 re Modimo 0 hlohonolofaditse morena Moshoeshoe Lesotho ka m' .lono ya kgauta, taemane, mashala, parafinlle metsi a dihlaba. Lesotho ke lefatshe la kgora Ie boiket:lo. Ka bomadimabe Lesotho matsatsing ana ke e nngwe ya dinaha tse utsanehi,leng hahoJ'o, tlala ya bojadikata e itahletse ka matla. Baahi 'ba teng ba thle Aforika BOlWa ho tla leka tsa bophelo, ba siile malapa a bona. Ka mokgwa ona ba leka ho thiba lephako. 3.5.4.6 MoetelliDele I Mofelehetsi I Motsamaisi Ha Mosotho a bitsa ModJmo Moetellipele, Mofelehetsi Ie Motsamaisi wa hae e be e Ie ha a hopotse ka ha leeto la hae la bophelo. Leeto Ie mekgahlelo e 39 mmedi, e leng la lefatsheng Ie la mmopong hae ho Modimo. Leetong la hae la lefatsheng ha among, empa 0 tsamaya Ie Modimo. Modimo 0 mo etella pele, o rno lokisetsa tsela Ie ho mo otlollela ditsela. 0 a mo tsamaisa, 0 haufl Ie vena, 0 a mo alosa, melekong Ie mathateng a lefatshe lena. Modimo ka letsoho la has Ie matla 0 a mo fuparela Ie ho mo lopolla. Lefatsheng lena lohle ha holerato Ie tshwanang Ie lena la Modimo, leetong la bophelo ba sebopuwa sa hae. Modimo 0 mo tsamalsa tselena ya ho l'oka, esitana Ie kgohlong e lefifi ha a tshohe bobe. Leetong la Mosotho la ho ya mmopong ho Modimo wa hae, Modimo 0 rno etella pele, ho mo felehetsa Ie ho rno tsamaisa ka ditshebeletso tse fapafapaneng tsa Bodumedi ba 8etso. Ke ditshebeletsong tsena moo a fumanang maUa Ie kgodiseho ya hore ruri Ie vena 0 tla finyella ho Mmopi wa hae mohla letjhoba Ie lalang plloka. Ha a nyahama, a teba, Modimo 0 ma palamisa maqhubu, 0 mo sika ka diatla, 0 mo fihlisa ho vena. Lefatsheng moo otho a phelang teng ha ho na motse 0 tiileng, motse wa nnete 0 ho Modimo mmopong, lehaeng la sebele. Lesitsi (1990:167) 0 hlalosa mokete wa badimo 00 Mosotho a lebohang Modimo ha a bile Ie yena leetong la bophe~o tjena: Mokete oa balimo, 0 ka phethoa ka khoho, poli, ni',J kapa kho",lO, hobane morero ke hore ho oona, mali a 15olohe. Hopola hore mokete ona 0 etsoa selemo Ie selerno, ho se khaotso. Ke rialo hobane motho 0 fuoa tSire!etso, ho baballeloa bophelo, ho atlehisoa mererong ya hae, me :i:ltho tsena ka moka, k.e 180anelo ea hae hore a li lebohe a bile a ikopela ho ekeletsoa, ke ka baka lena a bokanyang sechaba ho tla mo rapelisa, hore thap€,: ea ·.-.,ae e utloahale. Modimo Ie badimo ba rata Ie ho thabela ha ba lebohuwa ka baka la tsamaiso ya bona maphe,long a batho lefatsheng, ke hona mona >\lale ba tlang ho ekeletswa tsamaiso. 3.5.4.7 Mofep· Ka lebitso lena Mosotho 0 dumela hore ke Modimo ya mo fang Ie ho me hlohonolofatsa ka dijo tsa fetsatsi ka leng bophelong ba hae. Dijo Ie dttlhoko tsa letsatsi Ie leng Ie Ie ieng di tswa ho Modimo. Dijo tse ding Ie tse dina tse 40 rnolemo, tse mo lokelang, tse mo fepang, tse mo nontshang Ie tse etsang hore mmele wa hae 0 be matla Ie dikgokanyana, di tswa hodimo, di theoha ho Modirno Mofepi wa hae. Ke ka tlhohonolofatso ya Modirno feela mosebetsi ohle wa Mosotho 0 lekananQl I,e ho kgona ho mo fumantsha tsohle tseo a di hlokang. Phepong ya hae Mosotho ha a itshepa ka boyena, kapa bathe ba bang, empa 0 tshepile Modimo ya fanang ditlhokong tsa hae ka mehla. Masimong Ie thuhong ya mohlape wa diphoofolo Mosotho 0 sebetsa ka tjheseho ka mehla, hobane 0 a tseba 110re Modimo 0 1Ia hlohonolofatsa mosebetsi wa hae. 0 ikitlaeletsa ho sebetsa ka kgotso, 0 hlokomela ditaba tsa hae. Ka tsela ena bophelo ba hae eba bo tshwanelehang mahlong a batho, mme ha a nloke letho Ie tlala ha e mmolaye. Ka baka 18 ho tseba hore Modimo 0 tla Ie yena moo a iphatelang tenQl 0 fetoha sehwai Ie sekgothadj sa nnete. Mosotho ha se Matlaseetsetswa Phokgo, ha a tsamaisane Ie ho dumela Ie maele a reng: "0 ja monakaladi ',Iva kebolelwa." Segoete (1983:7 - 1, 0) 0 re mofuta wa dijo tseo Modimo 0 hlohonolofatsang Ie ho fepa Mosotho ka tsolla ke peo ya mabele: a ratwang haholo ke seqhobane Ie letswejane. Ho tie peo ya poone, dinawa tse ntsho tsa Sesotho, mefuta e mmedi ya mokopu e leng maphutsi Ie selotsi Ie dithootse tse behang diho, dikoma Ie mehope. Mosotho 0 hlohonolofatswa Ie ka kwae ya Sesotho, e bohale. Seio se seholo sa Sesotho ke mabele, mefuta e fapaneng ya bohobe ke thahameso, mothwanahelele Ie bohojanamasatswana. Ka mabele ho ri'telwa jwala Ie ho pheha dikgobe ho jewe mophuthulo. Mabele a tswakwa Ie dinavv8, ho etswa dikgobe. Mabele a phehwa Ie mokopu ho etswa nyekwe. Ka phofo e fahilweng morohong ho etswa motoho wa lesheleshele Ie 0 bodila. Dijo tse etswang ka poone ke dipolokwe Ie maqebekwane, dikgobe, dipabi Ie sebera. Ka dinawa ho phehwa dikgobe. Mokopu 0 etswa lengangajane Ie fahwang phofo ho etsa motoho 0 rnonate. Ho na Ie meroho ya naha e jewal1g e leng: lenkfding, motsuntsunyane, theepe Ie moldo. Ka mabele ho etswa leting Ie monate. Ena he ke mefuta ya dijo eo Modimo 0 fepang Mosotho ka yona. E seng dijo tsa MatswakanUe tse kudisang Ie ho senya mmele ya batho. Dilemong tsa morao ha ho se ho kens mohopolo wa MakgowenQl, Sasotho ba ile ba siya malapa a bona ba y'a merafong Ie dHoropong ho ya sebetsa. Le 41 mona Modimo 0 Ilnile a hlohollolofatsa tshebetso ya bona haholo feela. Bomadimabe ke ho re boholo ba leruo Ie dijo di ne di ya ho ba ba hirileng e leng Makgowa, Basotho ba sebeletsa lelea, mofufutso wa bona 0 tswela boyeng jwalo ka wa ntja. Modimo ha 0 fepe Basotho nameng feela, empa Ie moyeng. Hona ho phefuahatswa ka ditshebeletso tsa Bodumedi ba Setso tsa mefutafuta, tse yeng di phethwe. Ka tsona Modimo 0 tebela t1ala ya bojadikata e meyeng ya dibopuwa tsa hae, 0 ba kgorisa ka ditaba tse monate tse ba tiisetsang hore 0 na Ie bona ka mehla ba ntse ba Ie lefatshellg lena. Phepo e ntle ya Modimo djbopuweng tsa hae e hlaloswa ka mokgwa ona: Tlhaloso: Ka mefuta kaofela ea peo eba ho thoe 0 latelisoa mabele, a e'o lema moo a ileng; Ie tlona a n'o a tana. Mohl'Oa oona ke pontSo ea motse, e be hare bana ba hae ba tie ba be Ie motse 0 tiileng Ie eena, moo a ileil9 a ba hahele ona. Ha ho thoe mohloa ke pontso ea motse, ke ho re 'l1g? Ho thoe, mohloa 0 ke ke oa ba oa mela moo ho sa kang he eba maputulo a batho, kapa a Iintho. Hodjma lebitla ho ribehwa lengetana leo ho isitsoeng lihlanyelo ka lona. Ha e ne e Ie ea tsubang koae, 0 bolokoa lebitleng hammoho Ie kooma ea hae kapa pe:pi ea hae (Sekese; 1953:31 ).. Ha mofu wa Mosotho a bolokwa 0 kenngwa Ie mefuta e fapaneng ya dipeo. Tumelo ke ho re mmopong kwana moo a yang teng bophelo bo ntse bo tswella pele. Jwa~o ka ha a Bo ba haufi Ie Modimo 0 moholo, masimong ao a tlang 110 a lema Modimo a tie a a hlohonolofatse, a rno fumantshe tjhai e kgolo. Jwale a se lebate ba lefatsheng hore Ie bona a ba kopele tlhohonolofatso, Modimo a ba fe kotulo e ntle. 3.5.4.8 Mofodis' Mona hodimo ntlheng ya 3.5A.7 phuputso e hlalositse hore ke Modimo ya fepang Mosotho ka dijo tse hlabosang hare mmele wa hae 0 dule 0 shahlile, 0 sa kgathatswe ke mafu a mefutafuta. Phepo ena e ntle ke e nngwe ya mekgwa eo Modimo 0 fodisang Mosotho ka yona. Phepo e ntle e thibela alwetse. Kgaolong ya botshelela seratswaneng sa 6.3A ho tla fanwa ka 42 mefuta e fapaneng ya dingaka tsa setso tse ikarabellang bophelong bo botle ba Mosotho. Ditao~a, methokgo Ie tsohle tseo ba di sebedisang phekolong ya mokudi dil tswa ho Modimo, ke yena ya ba neileng tsona. Ngaka ya setso e ye e kope Modimo ka badimo hore 0 mo thuse, mobabi a mpe a hlaphohelwe Ka hlohlehoh'le di dumela hore matla I'e bokgoni ba ho fodisa mokudi bo theoha mmopong ho Modimo. Modimo 0 fodisa Mosotho mahlokong a hae kaofela. 0 rno I,opolla lebitleng, 0 mo fa tse molemo bophelong bohle ba hae, a leleke Ie mafu a moya, hare a boele a ntjhafa:le jwaloka ntsu. Etswe motllo ya phethahetseng Ie ya phelang hantle, ke ya phekotsweng mmeleng, pelong Ie moyeng, botho ba hae kaofela. Ka baka la hona a kgone ho elsa mesebetsi ya hae e fapaneng ka bokgabane. Ke ka moo Modimo, Mofodisi wa Mosotho, a hlokomelang Ie ho kgathaHa bophelo bo botle ba dibopuwa tsa hae. Disebediswa Ie mokgwa 00 Modimo 0 fodisang motho ka tsona di hlaloswa tjena: A nt'o Ii pjatlanya fatse. Joale selaoli se Ii talima ka bohlale, se lekola ka moo Ii lutseng ka teng. Se nt'o botsa: "U a Laola?" Eo: "Ee, 'ke a laola."­ "U laola ntho e maoto a mane?" Eo "Che." - "U laola motho?" Eo: "E." ­ Ke moUlo e motsehadiT Eo: "E." Selaoli se tsoela pele, se re: "E, ke ntse ke bona." Joale se hlalosa boh'oko ba motho eo Ie qaleho ea bona, e leng boloi, se tsoela pele ka keletso, se re: "U phakise u batle banna. Ar bohloko bono bo boholo." (Segoete; 1983:45) Ena he ke e meng ya mekgwa eo Modimo a e sebedisang ho todisa batho. Ka nako tse ding mobabi 0 a ithapella kapa bah abo ba a mo rapella ba rno kopele bophelo kapa ba etse mokete wa phabadimo. Ka nako tse ding motjhana 0 ye a ye ha malomae hare a yo rno tshwara ka matsoho e be 0 a fala. Mehopolo ena e Ha hlaloswa ka ho teba tlasa ntlha ya Tlhaloso ya Bodumedi ba Setso kgaolong ya botshelela. 3.5.4.9 Moetsi w,s dintho tsohle I Mohlodi I Mmopi I RaUadi I Tlake I Radihlodilwe I Radihlodilweng Ma'!efetsane (leq.24 - 25) 0 akaretsa mabitso ana a Mod.imo ka bokgabane tjena: 43 o ne a kgothatswa tseleng ke botle ba naha, maralla a matle a tshwetsnwethang metsi a hlweklleng. Ho yena ke botle bo hlollang. Diphula Ie dUhaba ka ho salana morao, ka bophahamo Ie ho batalla, ke ketso tsa ya hodimo Moetsi wa dintho tsohle, ya ratang bokgabane, dinonyana ha di fofa di fefenyeha, di opa mapheo a tsona hodimo, di kg;ahlisa hakakang; ha di tsebe botle; ha di tsebe matshwenyeho; ha di tsebe bora, ke dinthonyana feela tsa Modimo. Taba ya mantlha ke ho re Modimo ke yena ya bopileng tsohle tse mmopong Ie lefatsheng, 0 di hlodile tshimolohong. Mehlala ya popo ya Modimo ke shomo ya leobu, Tshomo ya moleso wa dikgomo Ie Tshomo ya ngwana ya kgwedi sefubeng. Ditshomo tsena di totobatsa ka ho hlaka tshimoloho ya t1holeho. Mosebetsi INa popo ha 0 a feBa tsilimolohong, Modimo 0 ntse a tswella pele a bopa dintho tse ntjha. Ha a ka a emisa ka mosebetsi wa hae wa popo. 0 ntse a e fa dintho tsohle tseo a di bopileng sebopeho se setjha se hohelang Ie ho kgahla rnahlo a motho. Modimo 0 bopile tse bonwang Ie tse sa bonweng, mahodimo I:e lefatshe. 0 bopile masedi e leng letsatsi, kgwedi Ie dinaledi, dibopuwa tse metsing lIe tse phelang sebakeng, diphoofolo tsa lewaUe Ie dinonyana. A bopa diphoofofo tse phelang lefatsheng Ie motho ka lerato la hae. Popo ya motho e hlaloswa ka tsela ena: lradj,tion mentions the first Mosotho on earth, presumably the first to emerge from " Lehlakeng, Ntswantsatsi,'" i.e. from the reed - bed at Ntswanatsatsi. His name was Tlake, sometimes called Mopedimoholo, and his surname was Mosito. Further, there are two extant lines of his praises that have come down to us, and which are generally well-known among the Basotho. It is in first line of these that alternative name of Mopedimoholo appears. Tiley are: "Ke Mopedirnoholo wa Raseaparalome, rHa ke a ikapesa, ke apesitswe." (I am Mopedi, the eldest son of the wearer of Lome, I did not dress se,lf, I was dressed) (Guma; 1990:5) Modimo 0 bopile ntata batho bohle, e leng motho wa mantilla. Motho enwa 0 tswile mane Lehl.akeng, ke ka hoo ha ho I1lahile ngwana Mosotho a hlomang 44 lehlaka lelapeng leo e Ie pontsho ya ho re ke motswetseng, ho na Ie motho e motjha. Lebitso la motho wa pele letatshenQl e ne e Ie Tlake, ka l'1ako tse ding o ne a bitswa Mopedimoholo, sefane sa hae e ne e Ie Mosito. Mabitso ana a motho wa rnantlha Ie Modimo Mmopi wa motho 0 bitswa ka wona, jwalo ka ha ntlheng ena ho entswe ho hlaloswa ya bopileng dintho tsohle. Motho jwalo ka ha a bopilwe ka setshwantsho sa Modimo a bile a bitswa ka mabitso ao Mmopi wa hae a bitswang ka ona, 0 na Ie matshwao a tshwanang Ie a odimo. Matshwao ana ke lerato, mosa, kut~welobohloko, pelonolo, jwalojwalo. Ntlha ya bobedi e hlalosa sebopeho sa bomodimo sa Mmopi, mohopolo ona 0 t1a hlaka hantie mona Le ha ho tshwana ho Ie teng mahareng a Mmopi Ie sebopuwa sa hae, Ie ho se tshwane ho teng. Modimo 0 moholo Ie medimo e menyenyane e leng badimo ba tetisa holehole batho ba lefatsheng lena, hobane bona ba a kula, ba a shwa, athe medimo ena ha e tsebe ntho tseo.. Modimo jwalo ka ha a bopile tlholeho yohle, 0 entse Ie melao ya tlhaho eo ka yona a busang tlhoileho yohle, hape 0 tile batho melao, mekgwa Ie meetlo Ie dimpho tsoille tse rno thusang Ie ho mo tataisa hore 0 tshwanela ho phela jwang jwalo ka moqhaka te mookamedi wa tlholeho. Motho 0 bopetswe ho tta sebetsa Ie 110 rorisa Mmopi wa hae letatshellg. 3.5.4.10 Mokgothatsi Ha Mosotho a bitsa Modimo Mokgothatsi wa hae e be e Ie ha a hopotse ka matshediso, thuso Ie ho bu,eUwa ha hae ke Modimo bophelong bona ka kakaretso. Modimo 0 mo kgothatsa ka no tlisa matla a hae uophelong ba hae. a rno kgothatsa botokoding ba hae Ie nakong eo a ~wanang Ie matla a E mobe bophelong. 0 a rna matlafatsa Ie ho mo kgothatsa ha a tutuhelwa Ie ho hatellwa ke E mobe. 0 mo kgothatsa ka ho mo tiisetsa pelong ka ho busa ha hae mmopong Ie letatshellg. 0 mo kguthatsa ka ditshebeletso tsa Bodumedi ba Setso tseo motho a di phethahatsang. 0 mo kgothatsa ka ho mo tiisetsa ka ho re ha a tloha letatsheng lena ka letu 0 tla kgutlela mmopong, 0 t1a boela ho yena rneahong. Ke hona mona meahong moo a ke keng a hlola a kopana Ie dintho tse rno tetebets8119 maikutlo. Ho teta mona Modjmo 0 kgothatsa Mosotho ka ho re ha ho letho lefatsheng lena la ba utlwang Ie ka mo utlang 45 letsohong la hae. Botebo ba boholo ba maemo ao Mosotho a hlokang matshediso Ie kgothatso tsa Modimo Ie 0 mong wa mekgwa eo Mokgothatsj wa hae a yeng a mo kgothatse ka wanat 0 behwa ka tsela ena: Ba oeleng ka mahlo (ba shoetsoeng) ba thusoa ka lithuso tse tsoanang Ie tseo ho thusoang ka tsona motsoetseng. Empa teng, ha ke sa ee ka tSobotsi, mol1l'a lefu Matebele a feta Basotho ka bongata ba lijo tse phehe.loang ba oeleng ka mahlo. ke ona matseliso a maholo a bona. U ka batla u re: E ka ba tselisa ka lijo ho feta meokho Ie iikhothatso; ho se joalo. Feela ba lemor'IHe hantle hore ba oeleng ba:ckotse, ba tsolohile alia, maikutlo a ilutsoe hoUmo ke boima ba bohloko ba t.ipelo; me leha mala a lapite lenyora la ho ja ha Ie eo, pelo Ii nyahame. Ka tsena he, e ka khona bathusi ba fele ba be teng haufi'; ba tSelise, ba khothatsa ba b~ ba leke meqoqo ka lisele ho tsa lefu. Esita tsona lijo ke matSeliso ha ba, lemoha ka moo ba ratoang, ba hlokometsoeng hara mahlomola ao a lefu Ie bapisitseng Ie ona, liketso tsena kaofela Ii ntse Ii rothisetsa marotllolinyana a kho1.halo ka hanyane lipelong tsa ba liang, me 'ho tla be ho runye ho tsona takatsonyana ea Iijo. Mohlomong e mong oa bathusi a bue tajana e monatjana, a bulele litseho ho bohle, me Ie teng ke thuso e nngoe; hobane eona tajana eo e hlahileng joalo e se e qadile ho lokolla mafito a lipelo tse koeJstaneng. (Sekese; 1953:31- 32) Letu ke bo bong ba boemo boo Mosotho ha a Ie ka hara bona a hlokan dikgothatso Ie matshediso a maholo. Nakong ena 0 hloka ya ka dulang Ie yella ka mehla matsatsing ana a bofifi. 0 hloka ya haufj Ie yena ho feta mehopolo ya hae. Ya haufi Ie yena ka nako e nngwe Ie e rll:lgwe ya ho pheJa ha hae, mosebetsing wa hae esita Ie ha a phomotse, Ie ha a Ie maswabing a lefu hore a rna kgothatse. Ya haufi nakong ya ho shwa ha mmele hore a tie a ma ise mmopong ho Modimo ka sebele. Jwale ha Mosotho a re Modimo ke Mokgothatsi wa hae 0 be a hopotse maemo a tshwanang Ie ana moo Mmopi .va hae a ileng a ba Ie yena ka hohlehohle, a mo ntsha maemong a sen monate a bophelo, a mo kenya ha a monate Ie a amohelehang bophelong. Sekese 0 totobaditse hore Modimo 0 ye a kgothatse Ie ho tshedisa Mosoth ka dibopuwa tse ding tsa hae. Ba mo tlisetse dithuso Ie diphehisa nakang e 46 a weleng ,ka mahlo. Ho be Ie meqoqo e monate e tlang ho mo lebatsa mahlomola ao a leng ka hara wona. A kgodisehe hore ruri 0 a ratwa esitana Ie ha a Ie mathateng. Ke Mmopi wa hae ya romelletseng batho bana ho tla ba bakgothatsi ba hae, ka hoo Mokgothatsi e moholo ke Modimo. Fowler (1996:164) Ie molfa wa hae ha ba akaretsa mosebetsi wa kgothatso wa Modimo dibopuwe,ng tsa hae ba re: Comfod n. 1 a state of physical well - being. b things that make life easy or pleasant. 2 relief of suffering or grief1 consolation. 3 person or thing giving consolation. - v. soothe in grief; console. Ana he ke maemo ao Mosotho a bang ho ona ha Modimo a se a He a mo kgothatsa ka mekgwa e fapafapaneng. Bophelo ba hae bo kguUela maemong a maUe, a Lhabisang ao Mmopi a mmopilen9 Ie ona. Bophel!o bo hlokal1g matsh'lt'ilenyeho Ie matnata a bophelo. 3.5.4.11 Molopolli I Mmoloki I Rammoloki Mosebetsi wa Modimo wa 110 lopolla Mosotho 0 hlakiswa ka mokgwa ona: Ha ngwanana enwa wa rona a lIa hakalo, Thetso a mo sala morao, are: "Nna ha ke kgathalle meokgonyana eo ya hae ya lefeela. Nna ha ke kgathalle ho itabanya fatshe ha hao, hobane 0 t!lameha ho ema a ekga jV'lala, a bo nea monna eo a ikgethetseng yena. a ne a ntse a qitsa meokgo ha a ntse a fuduha setlhohlelong mane, ha Thetso a tla mo tutla ha bohloko ka kobo, a batle a rno diha e be 0 re ho yena: ~ Nna ha ke nweswe ditshila. Ke meokgo ye eo 0 e tshelang ho jeng ha ka? Hlakola meokgo ena kapele!" Botle a araba ka ho re: aho hIe, ngwaneso Thetso, e ka ba ke ne ke 0 site[we ka eng e kanakana, ha 0 hlorisa nama ya ka Ie moya wa ka hoo ke seng ke se motho! aho, Modimo 0 nneng 0 bolelwe; 0 t1a ntopolla neng boimeng ba moya wa ka Ie nama ya ka l Jo, ke fehelwa hakaakang, ke imetswe hakaakangll Ke fedile, ha ke sa Ie motho (Maile; 1977:20) Ke ka Modimo feela eo poloko ya nnete, e phethahetseng di tlang ka yena. Pholoho ya Modimo e akaretsa topollo ya nama Ie ya moya wa motho. Ya 41 imetsweng Ie ya fehelwang bophelong bona ba lefatshe. Maemo ana a t1iswa ke ha motho kapa setjhaba sa habo se Iwana Ie setjhaba se seng, e be se maUa se hlola se rokolang Ie ho se hlahle,la ntlwanatshwana. Tulo eo setjhaba sena se h1lotsweng se dulang ho yona jwale e tla ba tlasa puso ya setjhaba se se hlotseng. Ka nako tse ding motho kapa setjhaba se ka rekisetswa se seng, e be jwale sena se rekisitsweng se tla ba tlasa sena se se rekileng. Setjhaba se seng se ye se tie ho tla aha naheng ya setjhaba se seng, ha mmela 0 ntse o pUla, e be setjhaba sena se kopileng tjako se se se iphetola beng ba naha feela e Ie matswakantle. Maemo ana a ditaba a etsa hore setjhaba se seng se hateUe se sang. Se fetole se seng makgoba Ie ho se amoha bolokol'ohi ba sona. Setjilaba sena se phele ka thata Ie ho hloka kgotso Ie thabo maphelong a sona. Jwale Mosotho 0 re ke maemong ana a h!obaetsang a kgatello mmeleng Ie moyeng moo Modimo a yeng a fetohe Mo~opolli, Mmoloki Ie Rammoloki. Modimo 0 lo,kolla motho kapa setjhaba maemong ana a hlobaetsang, a seng monate, a mo kenye maemong a thabisang, a kgotsofatsang, ao a neng a ike ke a ba ho wona ha feela a ne a ntse a !e ho ale a pele a kgatelto Ie ho sotlwa. Ka baka ~ena Basotho ba ra.pela Modimo ka badimo ba bona mmopong no Modimo ba kopa topollo ha ba Ie ka hara maemo a hlokang topollo. Oduyoye (1997: 6) 0 re Basotho ba Aforika Borwa ba bitsa Modimo ka mabitso ana: Mokgethi Motlhabf in his essay declares that the church had become an oppressive human organization. "Only God is freedom." By definition, therefore, our freedom is reflected in the image of God. (1' 3) From Motlhabi's experience in the South African context, God was to be imaged as " both creator and liberator to all people in their entire situation, not only religious but also social. political and economic." (14) Here the call to the holistic cosmology of AR that is also Biblical. In South Africa, God has been experienced as freedom and truth. as comrade and friend in the struggle for freedom. Pele ho selerno sa 1994 baahi ba Aforika Borvlla ba ne ba hatelletswe Ie ho kgethollwa ke Makgowa, ba fetotse beng ba naha makgoba. Moruo Ie 48 bolokolohi ba naha d1 Ie matsohong a Matswakantle ka ho phethahala. Ka selemo sa 1994 yaba Modimo 0 a ba lokolla bokgobeng ba puso ya Makgowa. Moaforika Nelson Mandela ya eba yena poresidente wa pele Aforika Borvva e hlokang kgethollo ya mmala. Dinaha tse ding tse neng di sa kgotsotalla puso ya bahatelli, tsa qaJa ho rata Ie ho sebetsa ha mmoho Ie Aforika Borwa mafapheng a mangata. Ha se teela ha baahl ba Aforika Borwa dithapelong te ditebohong tsa bona ba bitsang Mod~mo Mol,opoHi wa nnete wa bona. Modimo 0 ba pholositse Ie ho ba sireletsa diatleng tsa batlatlapi Ie bahatelli ba bona. Ba ne ba sa hopole hore se sa feleng se a hlola. 3.5.4.12 Monamoledi Ka lebitso lena Mosotho 0 bolela hore :Modimo ke yena ya mo sireletsang, 0 mo namolela ho Ramautle. Ramautle 0 futuhela batho Ie ho ba leka hore ba phele kgahlanong Ie malao ya Modlmo, eo a e fileng motho. 0 isa batho molekong wa ho se phele ho latera thato Ie lerato la Mmopi wa bona. 0 sebedisa batho Ie dintho tse dina tse hohelang' batho, tse shebahal,ang di ka ntshetsa pele Ie ho matlafatsa bophelo. Ka nako tse ding dintho tseo Ramautle a di sebedisang jwalo ka batho Ie disebediswa tse ding ho ye ho totobale hore ena jwale ke meleko. Ka yona 0 rata ho Uosa sebopuwa sa Modimo haufi Ie yena. 0 se hoheHa ho yena ka ditaikatso tse mpe, tse leng kgahlanong Ie seo Mmopi a se bopelletseng Ie motho hore a se etse. Ditakatso tsohle tse manyala Ie bokgopo tseo e leng mesebetsi e fahlang mmuso wa Modimo ka lehlabathe. Ba se utlwe Modimo Ie melao ya hae, ba ithetse ka bobona. Ho hang Modimo ha a leke motho, ho ke ke ha ba Ie motho eo e ka reng ha a Ie molekong a re ke Modimo ya mo lekang. Modimo ha a lekwe ke bobe, mme Ie yena ha a leke matho Ie ya mongo Ha Mosotho a re Modimo ke Monamoledi wa hae e be e Ie ha a ipolela hore 0 a fokola, ha a na matla a ho ema pela meleko Ie ho e mamella. Ke Modimo teela ya mo sireletsang melekong. 0 a rno matlafatsa hore a bone Ie ho Fih/ella tlholo. Melekong yohle eo E mobe a mo futuhelang Ie ho mo hlahisetsa yona, 0 hlola ka mokgwa 0 phethehileng ka lebaka la Monamoledi wa hae e leng Modimo. Mosotho 0 kgodisehi:le hore ha ho mottlo kapa ntho e ka mo arohanyang Ie Mmopi wa hae ya mo 49 sireletsang bophelong bona ka letsatsi Ie leng Ie Ie leng. 0 hlola meleko ka baka la tshehetso Ie tshebedisanommoho ya Monamoledi wa hae. Mohopolo wa ho re Modimo ke Monamoledi wa di'bopuwa tsa hae 0 hlaka hantle haholo puisanong ya monnamoholo Khrtsane Ie Tim: Mannamoholo ha a bua jwalo a eme ka leoto la hae Ie thusanang Ie la sefate, a ~ahletse mahlo a hae nqa lehodimong, moo Monamoledi wa hae a dulang ten9. 0 ne a tsota lerato, a tsota mohau 0 makatsang wa Modimo ha 0 ma neile tshepo ya bophelo bo tlang, e leng tseo pelo ya Khitsane e neng e Ie ho tsona. Monnamoholo ha a ka a hlola a tswela pele, a nna alia, pel'o e sisa ha a hopol.a matetetso a Mlora wa Modimo bakeng sa hae; Tim a ba a ema, a tsamaya ho se taba. (8egoete; 1970:47) Monnamoholo KhitSane 0 senyehile maikuUo ha a hopola hore leetong la hae la bophelole neng Ie tletse meleko, ke ka lehodimong moo Monamoledi wa ae a dulang teng, a ileng a tumana lerato Ie mohau 00 e leng kweetsa, Modimo 0 mo namolela matsohong a E mobe Ie balatedi ba hae. 0 hopola ha Modimo a sa ka a fela pelo a rno namolela melekong. Modimo 0 ile a amohela hapelo ya hae ha a ne a kopa hore a rna namolele. Monamoledi wa hae 0 mo pnemisitse maraba a E mobe. Mosotho 0 ye a phethe ditshebeletso tsa bodumedi ka ho batla ngaka etlan ho sebetsa lelapa, bashemane Ie banana ha ba Ie lebollong, esitana Ie leruo la hae, ka tshebetso ena 0 tebela meleko e ka nnang ya ma futuhela Ie ho fedisa bop'helo ba hae. Ena ke e meng ya mekgwa eo Modimo a yeng a namolele batho ba hae ka yona. 3.5.4.13 Mophethi wa tsohle Machobane (1985:49) 0 hlakisa lebitso la Mophethi wa tsohle ka mantswe ana: Empa kgomo e nile, Maphatsoe, ho ne ho eso be motho ya hopolang hore e se e ka hlahelwa ke ho ka e bOlcwang; ho shwa ha yona e ne e sa Ie ntho e hole Ie mehopolo ya ba bangata ruri. Empa he, ditaba tsa 5.0 bophelo ha di matsohong, tsebong Ie thatong ya motho, di ho a Ie mong feela, Mohlodi Ie Mophethi INa tsohle. Se hlakang qotsong ena ke ho re Modimo 0 teng, 0 a phela. Ha se monahano feela 0 teng dikelellong tsa Basotho, empa 0 Ie siyo, ho se :Ie bopaki ba ho re o teng, 0 a tsejwa. 0 itshupile 110 Basotho tlholehong ya dintho tsohlle, hona ke bopaki bo felletseng. 0 teng ka hara Basotho, I11me ba a mo tseba. Modlmo ke ya lellg teng Ie ya leng seo a leng sona. Jwalo ka ha a Ie teng, a phela, merero yohle ya motho e matsohong a hae. Ditaba tsa bophelo ba lefatshe lena Ileo a behileng motho ho lona di bolaolong ba hae. Ha ho letho Ie etsahalang lefatsheng leo a sa Ie tsebeng Ie ho Ie bona. Jwalo ka Mophethi wa tsohle ke yella ya phethahatsang tsohle tseo a di bopelletseng Ie motho_ 0 etsa Ie ho hlokomela hore merero yohle eo a e rerlleng ka motho e phethahale. Thato Ie lerato la hae ho motho 0 etsa ka mat~a hore di phethahale. Merero ya motho e phethahatswa Ie ho atlehiswa ke vena. Taba ena e bontsha hore dikgaello Ie bofokodi ba motho lefatsheng leo motno a phelang ho lona hore 0 tshwanetse a hloke boithoriso. Boithoriso ba ho re kajeno, hosane kapa nako e Hang ke tla etsa ho itseng. Ha a tsebe hore letsatsi la hosane Ie tla mo t1ela Ie eng; kapa bophelo ba hae bo tshwana Ie mohodi feela, 0 banahalallg nakwana 0 nloo nyamela. Ka baka lena Mosotho o beha merero yohle ya hae matsohong a Modimo eo e leng Mophettlj wa tsohle. 0 re ha Mophethi wa tsohle a rata, ke Ua phela, ke etse hona Ie hane o hloka boikakaso Ie boithoriso. Sena ke se totobatsV\ ...ulg ke d;taba tsa kgomo e ntle, Maphatsoe eo ho neng ho se motho Ie a Ie mong to ka onwana ya neng a hopola hore e ka shwa, empa ya shwa ka potlako, mme batho ba sala ba hloUetswe, Ie hoja ba ne ba sa e thabetse, ba itlosa bodutu ka botle Ie diketso tsa yona tse kgahlang Ie ho thabisa mahlo a motho. DHaba tsa motho wa Mosot.ho di matsohong a Modimo, Mophethi wa tsohle. 3.5~4.14 Morena I Morena Modimo Kgaolong ya botshelela phuputso e t1a hlalosa baetapele ba Bodumedi ba Setso. Baetapele ba pele e tla ba marena ao ho Uang ho hlaka hore borena 51 ba bona ba ne ba bo fumana ka hobane motho a ne a tswalletswe lelapeng la borena. ba bang e ne e eba baemedi ha eo a tshwanetseng ho ba morena a sa Ie monyenyane dilemong; ba bang e ne e eba boramohlongwana. Dihlopha tsena tsohle ho tla hlaloswa hore ke basebeletsi, baromuwa, baemedi lie ditshwantsho tsa Morena ya ika sehloohong e leng Modimo. Modimo 0 busa lIholeho yohle esita Ie wona marena a lefashe lena. Taba ya hore Modimo ke Morena e matla hara Basotho ka ha ba e na Ie baetapele ba setso e leng marena. Sa dumela hore Modimo 0 busa tlholeho yohle jwalo ka Ina marena a bona a lefatshe a busa naha eo ba phe~ang ho yona. Borena Ie puso ya Modimo di qalahille popong ya dintho tsohle, ka mantswe a mang, ho tloha tshimolohong. Puso ya Satane lefatsheng ke ya nakwana e fokolang. Mmuso wa Modjmo ona ke wa nako tsohle Ie 0 matla. Mmuso ona 0 lokela ho ntshetswa pele ke batho bao eleng dibopuwa, ka ho ba Ie kuUo Ie ho phe~a ho ya ka moo Mmopi a ba bopHeng ka ten9, ho tiona tshimolohong. Tlholehong Modimo 0 senoletse batho ka botlalo tsa mmuso wa hae. Ha Mosotno a bjtsa Modimo Morena, e be e Ie ha a rapela hore Modimo a tshetse puso ya hae pele lefatshellg. Puso ya hae e tie dipelong Ie maphelong a bona bohle. Mmuso wa hae 0 tie drtjhabeng tsohle tse lefatsheng. Mmuso wa hae 0 ate, mme 0 hole lefatsheng. Mbiti (1975:52) 0 hlalosa boholo ba borena ba M:odimo tjena: To speak of God as a RUler of the universe means that there is no spot whkh is nof under his control; nothing can successfully rebel against him or run away from him. Modimo 0 busa tJholeho yohle ka toka e phethahetseng. Ha ho motho kapa at'Ja a ~tseng a ka emang ka pale ho yena a 0 besa wa tUka. A ka kopana Ie pel8 di falla. 3.5.4.15 Qhobosheane I Setshabelo Moleleki (1993:51) ha a hlalosa qaleho Ie ho hahwa ha dlqhobosheane 0 re: Ka ha Zulu Ie teng morena ya bitswang Moeti oa Bochabela 0 ne a se a ile a hotetsa hlaha, e Ie ha a leka ho atolosa bonamelo ba maoto a hae. 52 Hlaha e hoteditsweng ke Moeti oa Bochabela dilemong tsa bo 1818 e hlwele Loti ka Mahlubi a PakadHha Ie Mankwane a Matowane. Hlaha ena ya lopalla jwalo, ya ba ya thesemeletseha mabopong a Mohokare, moo e fihlileng ya tlabola Batlokwa ba Sekonyela Ie Mmarlthatisi hola ho sa qhwaolotswe dikobo. Oifaqane tsena tse tswang ha Moeti oa Bochabela, tse tlotseng. Loti ka baphaphathehi boPakadi.tha, di ile tsa iphetola koboanela Lesotho. Lebatama la difaqane tsena Ie ile la ba la utlwuwa Ie ke Moshweshwe Botha-Bothe. Ke hona a ileng a ba a fallela Thaba Bosiu, eo e bilang qhobosheane e maUa ya Basotho ka nako e telele. Ke mona moo eitseng' ha a Ie tseleng ya ho fallela Thaba Bosiu ntataemoholo, Peete, a be a tshwarwa ke madimo a mo ja. Mo:leleki 0 hlalosa hant'le hore qhobosheane .kapa setshabelo di bile teng ka lebaka la dintwa e Ie hore batho ba tie ba itshirelletse diphutuhelong tsa dira tsa bona. Mona Thaba Bosju moo morena Moshweshwe a ileng a fallela tell9 ho ya ikahela qhobosheane, ho pepeswa lebitso la Mosotho ya ileng a mo kgothalletsa ho fallela mona tjella: Ka 1824, BaUokoa ba boela ba futuhela ba ha Mokoteli. Eitse ha Moshoeshoe a sa ntse a thibeletsoe joalo, ha fihla Motingoe oa ba ha None; 0 ne a etsoa Qiloane, moo ba ahileng teng. A bolella Mohale hore ho na Ie naha e lutseng feela, e nang Ie qhobosheane e ntle; ho I-;aholo, ke senyofu. 4.3.2 Tshwantshiso Le mona tshwantshisong ho tshwantshwa moelelo Ie sesebedjs~·!2. Phapang eo re e fumanana tshwantshanyong ha e a totobala, e patehile, mme e a kwekwetla. Dintho tse pedi di a lekanllgwa. Ho tsebisahatswa moe/Cto ka sesebediswa. Mohlala: Botjha ke palesa. Botjha bo tshwantshwa Ie semela seo e leng palesa se mOllkgo 0 monate. Se bolelwang mona ke hore motilo e motjha 0 tshwanela ho kgaba ka mesebetsi e metle. Dipuo Ie diketso tsa hae e be tse tlang ho hohela Ie ho nkgela batho ha monate. Bahabo Ie setjhaba sa habo ba be motlotlo ka vena Ie makgabane a hae, e seng maswabisadihlong ao re a bonang hara batjha ba matsatsing ana. uipuo Ie diketso tsa bona di a swabisa, ha di na tlhompho, ke seputa se nkgang phuu! Majakane a tshwantsha ditshiu tsa ho phela ha motho lefatsheng di Ie kgutshwanyane jwalo ka palesa. 4.3.3 Mothofatso Mona se etsanalang ke hore ho lekanngwa ntho tse pedi ka mokgwa 0 pateflileng. Ka mothofatso ho fuwa diphoofolo, dintho tse sa pheleng Ie disebediswa mekgwa, diketso Ie malkutlo a botho. Ho buuwa ka dintho tsena jwalo ka ha eka ke batho, di fuwa semelo sa botho. Ha ho lekolwa mohlala 0 latelang: Lehodimo Ie befile. Motho ke vena ya bang mabifi, mona lehodimo Ie nkuwa Ie ho tadingwa Ie ka etsa diketso tsa botho. Se bolelwang mona ke hore lehod'imong maru a duma, .24 boemo ba lehodimo ha bo botle, Senesapula a ka nna a hlohonolofatsa batho ka dipula tsa diUwebelele. 4.3.4 Tshwaofatso Ho ka sebediswa ditshwantsho tse amanang ho hlahisa meelelo e tsli,wanang, kapa ha sebediswa setshwantsho hangata, empa ka mokgwa 00 se ka hlaloswang ka mokgwa 0 Ie mong kapa sa amanngwa Ie meelelo e nang Ie kamano, Ie ho ja sona se hlaha mabakeng a fapaneng. Setshwantsho se jena se bitswa letshwao. Ditshw811tsho tse nang Ie kamano di ka etsa paterone e bontshang letshwao. 'Iia se ka mehla ho totobatswang hore ntho ke letshwao la ho hong, kapa ho bolelwe ntho e emetsweng. Ke mobadi ya lemohang ha ntho e emetse ho hong, mme a hloka tlhaloso ka baka la tshebediso ya yona. Ho sebediswa nonyana e bltswang I,eebana jwalo ka 'Ietshwao la kgotso. Lefatsheng ka kakaretso nakong eo ho seng kgotso, ho ye ho dulwe majwana , e re ha ho fihlelletswe tUll1ellano Ie kgotso, ho lokollwe Ie ho fofisetswa maebana a mmalwa hodimo. Ha e Ie mmutlanyana wona ke letshwao la masene. Ho ye ho balwe ditshomong ha mokola 0 ile wa tshwarwa ke e nngwe ya diphoofolo tse kgolo, tse kang botaumoholo, 0 phonyohe ka sobana la nale ka baka la masene. Ho ka bo&elwa hore ho na Ie dikapuo tse ding tse fapaneng Ie tseo di sa tswa ho bolelwa, tsona ke phoqo, sesomo, tshehiso Ie tomatso. Tsona di hlahisa maikutlo Ie maya 0 itseng seqatjweng. Tlhaloso ya tsona ke ena: 4.3.5 Phoqo hoqong mantswe a sebedisetswa ho bolela ntho e fapaneng Ie seo a se bolelang. Ho hlahiswa moelelo kapa keleiio e kgah,lanong Ie seo mantswe a sebedisi~sweng a se lekanyang. 4.3,.6 Sesomo Sesamo ke mokgwa wa phoqo 00 Ie tsipasehole a kgonang ho 0 elellwa. Mantswe a thoriso a sebedisetswa 110 nyedisa motho e mongo 125 4.3.7 Tshehiso Mongodi 0 pepesa maemo, diketso kapa diponahalo tse qabolang mmadt hobane di tswile lekoteng la ka mehla bophelong. Mongodi ° ye a etse hore ho tshehwe bofokodi ba botho ka mokgwa 00 hantlentle batho ba itshehang ka bobona, ke mona moo ho tlang thwel1g tshwene ha e ipone makopo, Hona ho phe1hahatswa ka kgetho ya mantswe Ie papadiso ya mophetwa, 4.3.8 Tomatso Tomatso e hlaloswa e Ie tshekatsheko e bahale (e ka bang bonolo kapa bohale) ya motho, botho, diketsahalo, metsamao kapa mekgatlo ka tshebediso ya pheteletso, phoqo, tshehiso Ie sesomo, ka sepheo sa ho etsa ntho setshehisa . 4.3.9 Tumonngwe ,,ilona meelelo ya mantswe e tswakantswe. Mantswe ana a tshl,,;'ana ka modumo, empa. meelelo ya ona e fapane. A sebediswa ka mokgwa 00 moelelo ofe kapa ofe 0 ka nnang wa tshwane!eha polelong, empa a hlahisa dikgopolo Ie maikutlo a sa amaneng. Diqatjweng ho sebedlswa tumonn['/e hahalo mabitsong a ba rokwang, ho thabisa babadi kapa bamamedL 4.3.10 Boikgakanyetso Mona hofumanwa polelo e kang e a ikganyetsa kapa e hanana Ie :<'80polo e t1waelehileng, empa e pepesa nnete e se nang ho hanyetswa ka hohlehohle. Ha ho lekolwa nalane ya bophelo ba Mmantsopa rakgadia morena Moshoeshoe, haholoholo boporofeta ba hae ba diketsahalo tsa matsatsing ana, bophelo bo bobe bo fahlang mmuso wa Rasehlaba ka lehlabathe, taba ena ha e kgolehe ka ha ho 1hwe Basoiho ha se badumedi, ke taba tsa Majakane. Se teng ke boikgakanyetso feela. 126 4.3.11 Phetolalebilso Ie kal'1olokemelo Ke dikapuo tse bitswang mareophemo, hobane mongodi 0 a sebedisa ka boomo ho aroha tseleng ya tlwaelo ya tshebediso ya puo. Phetolalebitso ke ho bua. ka ntho ka t1hahiso ya lebitso la e nngwe e amanang Ie yona. Mohlala: Sekolo se a tsamaya. Hantlentle mona ho bolelwa hore ho tsamaya baithuti ba kenang sekolo seo, ha ha thwe ke sa Maokeng. Athe ka lehlakoreng Ie leng karolakemelo yona ke ho bua ka ntho ka 110 supa karolo ya yona feela. Ha ho shejweng polelo ena: Pelo ha e bolle. Ke motho ya sa kgotsofaleng kapa ya sa teleng. Ho latela tlhaloso e ka hodimo mona ho a hlaka hore mongodi wa diqatjw "'./Valo ka ya nang Ie neo ya bonono 0 hloka disebediswa tseo a ka kgabisang mosebetsi wa hae ka tsona, mme tsona ke tsebo e tebileng ya bopheto Ie puo. Ha ho buuwa ka puo ha ho bolelwe mofutswela 0 mona 00 re yeng re 0 utlwe 0 buuwa, ho bolelwa Sesotho se mattlemaJodi, seo kapelepele feela ha motha a 0 utlwa ha 0 se bua, a etse qeto ya hore ya buang mona ke Mosotho wa mmakgonthe. Ke hopola ka letsatsi Ie leng ke ile ka letsetsa mosadimoholo e mong ya ahileng Klipspruit Soweto mohala, mosad:(noholo enwa 0 ne a se a Ie ka phaposing ya 110 robala, a paqame. Yaba mohala 0 tshwarwa Ie ho arabelwa ke setloholo. Ha mosadimoholo a botsa setloholo hore ke mang ya letsJtseng, setloholo se araba ka ho re: "Ke ntate wa Mosotho." Setloholo sa mosadimoholo se mpitsa ntate wa Mosotho ka baka la puo e mathemalodi eo ke e buileng Ie vena nakong ya puisano ya rona. 4.4 DIQATJWA TSA SESOTHO Seratswaneng sena ntlheng ya karO'lwana ya 4.4.1 ho tla lekwa ho araba potso e mabapi Ie bangocti ba diqatjwa tsa Sesotho. Ntlheng ya karolwana ya 4.4.2 ho tadinngwe dinako tseo ntshetsopele ya diqatjwa tsa Sesotho di fetileng ho tsona. Qetellong karolwaneng ya 4.4.3 ho tla pepeswa ho kgeswa ha djqatjwa tsa Sesotho. 127 4.4.1 Bangodi ba diqatjwa Isa Sesotho Ha ho buuwa ka bangodi ba diqatjwa tsa Sesotho, ho be ho hopotswe ka baahi ba Aforika, ba mmala 0 motsho. Matswallwa a kontinente ya Aforika. Maaforika a tletse Aforika yohle ekasitana Ie dinaheng tse mose tse kang Amerika Ie Yuropa. Tlhaloso ya Maaforika e behwa tjena: African has been used specifically to refer to the indigenous of Africa, not necessarily refer to all the people who have made Africa their home . •11 this sense African refers to the aborigines of South Africa who were once termed kaffirs, the natives or the Bantu. Black has been used, firstly, to refer to the African people of Soutt Afr~ca and, Secondly, to all the oppressed peoples of this country, including the so-caUed Coloureds and Indians. The use of the term blac instead of African will be explained later on this study. (Se~epe; 1993:6­ 7) Batho ba Yuropa Ie ba bokolone ha ba fihla Aforika mona, ba ile ba itadima Ie ho ipona e le selekanyetso Ie bao €I lerng bona feela bao Mmopi a ba bopileng, mme e Ie ba leloko la botho. Bakeng sa rnekgwa Ie meetlo ya ho phela ya f. 'ropa ba ile ba sebedisa lentswe latswelopele. Tsohle tse mmala 0 mosweu di ntle, di a rateha. Ha e Ie beng ba !Iefatshe ba ba tadima jwalo 'ka sehlopha se t1asetlase dibopuweng tsa Mmopi. Mekgwa Ie meetlo ya ho phela ya bona ya hlaloswa ka ho re ke ho se tswel,e pele kapa tshallomorao. Tsohle tse mmala 0 motsho di mpe, ha di ratehe. Sena ke seo ba neng ba se ruta bana ba bona dikolong pele ho selemo sa 1994. Ho tiisa taba ena ya hare Maaforika ke diphoofolo Kwetana 0 qotsa Mosteli (1992:713) tjena: Harry Smjth on his way to King Hinfsa's territory in the 1930's wrote to hlS wife saying that a kaffrr is a " wi:ld beast and ( 1 ) try to hunt him as ch. Bana he ke batho ba Bophirimela ka mekg:wa e mebe ya bona, eo moetapel wa Pan Africanist Congress Motsoko Pheko a e bitsang manyala a Bophirimela. Basotho ba ba amohetse ka matsoho a mofulhu, a ba fa tjako, 128 ba ba leboha ka ho ba bitsa diphoofolo Ie ho ba tsoma jwalo ka ha ho tsongwa diphoofolo. Ba fetola Basotho mmutla wa dintjeng lefatsheng leo e leng la bona. Maake (1992:69) 0 fana ka lenane la mabitso a bangodi bao e leng bopulamadiboho diqatjweng tsa Sesotho ka mokgwa ona: It was at Marija Press that the first creative works of the early Basotho writers were printed .. In order to develop and disseminate literacy and reading culture among the Basotho, the missionaries encouraged some of their young converts who were educated by them to become teachers and professional reachers, to write. The first who came forth were Azariele Sekese (1849 - 1930), Everitt Lechesa Segoete (1859 - 1923) , JusHnus Sechefo (1870 - 1938), Edward Motsamai (1870 - 1959), Henry E. Jankie (1876 - ? ), Thomas Mokopu Mofolo (1877 - 1948) and Zakea D. Matlgoaela (1883 - 1963). Bangodl bana ba ne ba se na bolokolohi ho hang. Ba ne ba tshwanetse ho ngola feela se neng se tla thabisa Ie ho ananelwa ke baruti ba Makgowa. Sena se akaretswa ka ho re Basotho ba lahle Sesotho, mme ba mamarele Seyuropa. Maaforlka a lie a tshwarwa, a lae1wa dikepeng Ie ho ya sebetsa jwalo ka makgoba masimong a ditsomi tsa Maamerika Boholo ba kontinente ya Aforika ba fetolwa dfkolone tsa dinaha tsa Yuropa. Aforika BOMa mmuso wa Maburu wa kgatello wa Jallisa diketekete tsa Basotho ka sheshe, ba iswa mahaeng, moo ho seng bophelo teng, e Ie ha ba habile naha e nang Ie bophelo jwalo ka metsi, dirafshwa, jwalojwalo. Ba q" J.la Ie hI) senya makgabane a ka hara Basotho a ho tsweBa Dele Ie ho hlaboloha ha mmoho. Balotsana bana ba tsebile hore kopano ke matla kapa ntjanapedi ha di hlolwe ke phokojwe. Sena se pepeswa ka tsela ena: Re ka re ba sebedisa mokgwa wa tIIhabollo 00 ho wona ba arotseng Maaforika e Ie hore ba tie ba fihlelle sepheo se sebe sa bona, sa ho re amoha lefatshe la rona. Sehlohllolo sa kgethollo ya mmala se pepeswa ke dintlha tsa tsamaiso tsena tse late lang : mmuso wa naha, mmuso wa porofensi Ie mmuso wa bathe ba batsho. (Motingoe; 2001 : 47 - 48) 129 Basotho ba neng ba sa phele Ie ho dula mahaeng a neng a nehilwe boipuso kapa a itsamaisa, empa ba dula metseng e neng e tsamaiswa ke bommasepala, ba ne ba phediswa ha bohloko. Dibaka tsena di ne di tadingwa Ie ho amohelwa e Ie tsa ba basweu 1eela, e leng matswakantle. Beng ba naha ba ne ba etseditswe bukana ya boitsebiso (reference bookldompas). Ha mapolesa a ne a ka fumana Mosotho a sa tshwara bukana ya boitsebiso, 0 ne a lIelwa ke ditshepe. Meahong ya mmuso ho ne ho e na Ie menyako e mmedi, o mong e Ie wa ba basweu feela (Whites Only), 0 mong e Ie wa Basotho feela (Nonwhites Only), ana ke mapetjo a kgethollo ya mmala. Dikolong Ie diyunibesithing Makgowa Ie Basotho ba ne ba sa kopane Ie ho rutwa ha mmoho. Mesebetsing Makgowa a ne a bitswa bobaas Ie bomissis, ha Basotho ba ne ba bitswa boboy Ie bomeit. tvlakgowa a tshwere Basotho hampe. Menyetla ya tjhelete ya ho lahlehelwa ke mosebetsi, ya matsatsi a p'homolo, ya ho beha meja fatshe Ie ya ho kula, ke dintho tse neng di Ie siyo, Maburu a iphapanya tsona. Leburu la polasi ha Ie hlokomela Ilore Ie qetlle matla a motho e motsho, Ie ne Ie re a kene tseleng, ha a hana 0 ne a mo lomisa ka dintja kapa a mo memela Maburu a mana ba tlo mo otla. Batho ba babe ban a ba ithuisa ka maruo a Aforika, mme beng ba ona ba ba fetola mekopakopa. Ho netefatsa maemo ana a sa jeselilg ditheohelang ao Makgowa a neng a kentse Basotho ka Ilara ona Mdaka (2002:155) 0 qotsa (Gacaru; 1958:234) tjena: The disparity that exists between the native town and settlers' town is dramatised in the story of a tourist who is shown all the beautiful sights of Kenya but nevel1heless that he should not go away with the Idea that he has seen Kenya. He is completely perplexed by this, and an African who accompanies him on this joumey expla~ns: "Bwana. there is no such hing as Kenya. There is heU for Africans and a paradise for white man. You have been visiting the paradise - the white man's Kenya - out there in the East of Nairobi is hell~ lhe black man's Kenya." Hohle moo Basotho ba dulang teng lefatsheng, leo e leng la hae ke tulo ya tlala ya bojadikata, ho akgwa ~ephako, ha ho setswamadi, dieta tsa ho rwalwa, dlbeso tsa ho besa, kgarrya ya ho bonesetsa batho, ha ho bophelo ka 130 hohlehohle. Empa hohle moo Lekgowa Ie ahileng teng ho na Ie kganya tulong eo, ke tufo ya bophel'o Ie tswelopele e kgoJohadi. Ho se be Ie kgotsofalo ha Maaforika ka tshwaro e mpe ya Makgowa ho hlaloswa ka tsela ena: Taba ena ya ho arohanngwa ha batho ba batsho ke Makgowa, ha e a ka ya thabisa diphofu. Ba qa!eUa ho ipopa, ba kopana, ba iketsa ngatana e Ie nngwe. Ba theha mekgatlo e kang Pan Africanist Congress, African "ationall Congress, Urlited Democratic Movement, South African Communist Party Ie e meng. Modimo 0 moholo wa re fa bahal'e Ie 'kgalala ho tswa ka hara mekgatlo ena ba sa kang ba tshaba ho boleUa matswakantle hore leano la kgethollo ya mmala ke ketso eo ba elahlang ka hohlehohle. Mmuso wa Maneshenale wa ba bitsa makomonisi Ie baferekanyi. Sa hloriswa ka sehloho Ie ho lahlelwa ntlwanatshwana, Mona re ka hopola poresidente ya pele ya naha ya Aforika Borwa e hlokang kgethoUo .( 1994) monghadi Mandela, ya dutseng dilemo tse 27 sehlekehlekeng sa Robben ,Ie monghadi Biko ya ileng a siya I·efatshe lena ka selliano a Ie ditlamong tsa sepolesa Ie ba bang. Beng ba naha ba etswa mekopakopa Ie baphaphathehi ke batho bao e seng beng ba naha. (Motingoe; 2001 :51) a no sheiwa Ie ho nahanisiswa maemo a ditaba ao Maaforika a iphumaneng a Ie ka hara ona, motho 0 tlelwa ke potso ya hore e be Mmopi 0 ba behile Aforika ho tla hula ka falese Ie ho phela ka hara bomadimabe bo tshabehang hakana. Na ke sepheo sa Modimo hore ba hloke lehlohonolo kontinenteng ya Aforika? Ba rohakj~we Ie ho nehelwa RamauUe? Molefi Kete Asante (2004: 16) ha a etetse Aforika Borwa jwalo ka sebui se ka sehloohong Mokgatlong wa Steve Biko 0 araba potso ena tjena: We are not people cursed by God. Nor we are people who must always tum our backs on !he very ancestors who gave us life and made us resilient in the face of political; economic and cultural assaults. We must embrace our history and culture. We must embrace ethnic groups on this continent as our brothers and sisters. 131 Puo eo Maaforika a e sebedisitseng ho ngola diqatjwa tsa bona ke dipuo tsohle tse fapafapaneng tse fumanwang Aforika. Dipuo tsena ke tseo Mmopl a ba bopelletseng Ie tsona. Dipuo tsena ke Ie leng la matshwao a pakang boitsebiso, ka mantswe a mang seo ba I:eng sona jwalo ka Maaforika. Maaforrka a motlotlo Ie ho ikgantsha ka dipuo tsena tsa bona. Ho feta mona Maaforika a ngotse ka dipuo tsa melata, haholoholo Senyesemane. Mona Aforika Borwa lefapha la thuto Iia mmuso wa kgethollo Ie ne Ie hatella Maaforika ho ngola ka dipuo tsa bokolone ka ha e ne e Ie bona ba neng ba Ie ka seh~oohona lefapheng lena, hahonolo diphuputsong ka ha mekola e ne e sa tsebe dipuQ tsa Aforika. Le kajeno ya bokajeno ho ntse ho Ie jwalo thutong e phahameng. Taba ena e etsa here Makgowa a be Ie monyetla wa hore ba sebe1se hantle, ba fumane matshwao a hodimo dithutong: Ie diphuputsong tsa bona. Ho ilwe ha hlaloswa hore ho na Ie Maaforika a iphumaneng a dula dinaheng 'tsa mose ho mawatle. Jwale dinaheng tsena ha ba buuwe Ie ho sebedisa dipuo tsa Aforika, empa ba bua dipuo tsa baditjhaba, haholoholo Senyesemane. Ke ka hoo Ie ha ba ngola ba sebedisang dipuo tsena. Lebaka Ie leng la hare Maaforika a ngole diqatjwa tsa bona ka Senyesemane, e ne e Ie hore molaetsa 0 finyelle ditsebeng tsa batlatlapi ba bona. Mohopolo ona Selepe (2003: i 2) 0 totobatsa jwana: 'Ie Ie mona ho ile ha hola t1waelo ya ho ngola diqatjwa tsa Maaforika ka kakaretso ka puo ya Senyesemane. Sepheo e ne e Ie ho fetisetsa molaetsa ho batlatlap, ba Maaforika, ba ahrleng ka lefatshe lohle ekasitana Ie ho kopanya merabe e neng e hatelletswe ke mmuso wa kgeHwllo. Phetoho ena e ne e tsamaelana Ie boitseko ba Maaforika ba boipuso, e lebisitseng djkgethong tsa pele tsa demokerasi, Aforika Borwa, tsa la 24 Mmesa i 994. Ho 1181 tshetlehwa phuputso ena haholoholo diqatjweng tse ngotsweng ka Sesotho, hona ha ho bolele hore dipuo tse ding tsa Aforika Ie Senyesemane j ke ke tsa sebediswa. E mong wa bangodi ba diqatjwa tsa Sesotho ya hllahellang ka mahetia, ha a Illalosa puo eo diqatjwa tsa 'Maaforika di ngotsweng ka yona 0 re: 132 African Literature means, in the first place, literature \j•.':ilten In indigenuos languages by Africans, irl the second place, literature written in European languages by Africans. Perceptions rela':!lg to these definitions will also be explained in detail in the relevant sections of this study. Bla'ek Literature refers to literature in the medium of English written by African people of South Africa, or by any of the oppressed people of South Afrlca. but especially the literature that has been inspired by the Black Consciousness ideology. and or any other literature that seeks to promote and to re - assert the image and the culture of blacks as people However, for reasons explained later in this study, texts by Afrfcan writers have mostly been used (Selepe; 1993:7). Andre de ViUiers (1953:458) ha a bua ka diqatjwa tsa Maaforika tse ngotsweng ka Senyesemane Vena 0 re: Laye's L'Enfant nair was the first major French novel to be written by an African; simi'larly Things Fall Apart was the first major African novel in English. Diqatjweng tsena tsa Sesotho bangodi ba pepesa makgabane ao Basotho ba meng Ie ho tsebahala ka ona. Ho ka thwe na!ane ya Basotho ka kakaretso, e leng tsebo Ie bonono ba bona jwalo ka bahale Ie dintwa tsa marumo Ie tsa bophelo, tumelo jwalo ka ha ho tshwarahanwe Ie yona phuputsong ena, jwalojwalo. Ho tshwanetswe ~o rutwe letlobo Ie letjha nal'ane ena, e Ie hore ba tire ba se ke ba e lebala Ie ho lahlehelwa ke seo ba leng sona. Ho tlohelwe ho nna ba kgothaletswa Ie ho ba ruta ka nalane ya ditjhaba disele. Sena se hatellwa tjena: Then the solution must lie in the content of African Ifterature should be of particulalistic , African nature. It should resist the temptation to deall with universal problems. ( De Villiers; 1953:453 ) 133 4.4.2 Dinako tsa ntshetsopele ya diqatjwa Isa Sesotho, Tabakgolo mona ke ho phenyekolla dinako tse tsamail\'veng ke diqatjwa tsa Sesotho nakong ya ntshetsopele ya tsona. Phuputsong ena ho tla hie ho itshetlehwe ka tlhadimo ya Selepe (1997:80 - 84) ho seo a se ngotseng ho Some Implications of Media Policy and Ethics in Literal]l Production: A Preliminary Survey of Sesotho Literature. Selepe ha a bua ka leeto la diqatjwa 0 re: Swanepoel (1994;10) Ie moifo wa hae, ba arola leeto lena ;ka mekgahlelo e mene e leng : Tshimotohong ho tla fihla 1900, Mafube 1900 - 1930, Le tjhabiie 1930 - 1960 Ie Hloohong Isa mengala 196 - ho Ua fihfa jwale. Empa re lokela ho elellwa kapele mona hare tshimolohong e qaia bosatsejweng ha kajeno e fella bosatsejweng. L ha ho Ie jwalo taba e hlahiswang ke moifo ona wa ditsebi e hlahisa taba ena ka ho hlahisa dimelo tsa mokgahlelo ka mong wa methati ya leeto lena. Tshimolohong e bile mokgahlelo wa ditshomo, dithoko, dilotho, maele, dipale, jwalojwalo. Mme tsena di ile tsa bokellwa ha morao ka tsela ya djbuka ke Baromuwa ba Saruti ba Fora Ie Basotho ba kang Sekese. Ha boela ha hlaha Lesedinyana 'a Lesotho, Leeto 19 Mokreste Ie buka ya PaUso. Mokgahle!ong wa Malube ho He ha hlahela dipale Ie dipale tse kgutshwanyane. Dibuka tsa Thomas Mofo~o tse kang Moeti wa Botjhabela ( 1907 ), Pitseng ( 1910 ) , Chaka ( 1925 ), Pale ya Everitt Segoete, Monono ke mohodi ke mouwane ( 1910). ara dibata Ie dinyamatsane ( 1912 ) ya ZD. Mangoaela Ie pokello ya dipale tse kgutshwanyane ya E_ Motsamai, Mehla ya madimo ( '910 I, Ie tse ding tse ngatangata di phatlaladitswe nakong ena. Mokgah!elo wa Le IjhabUe ona 0 ile wa tsebahala ka keketseho ya mefuta e mengata ya djqatjwa e kang dithoko, dithothokiso, ditshwantshiso, dipale Ie meqoqo. Athe ha re fihla mokgahlelong wa Hloohong tsa mengala, k ha e Ie hore mefuta yohle ya diqatjwa e phatlalatswa ka bongata, e seng ka Lesotho feela empa Ie ka Rephaboliking ya Aforika Borvva. 134 Tsena he ke dinako tse tsama~weng ke diqatjwa tsa Sasotho, ho ya ka Svvanepoel Ie Illoifo wa hae. Selepe (1997:81) vena 0 arola dinako tsena tjena: Three distinct periods can be identified in the historical development of Sesotho literature. These are: 1} 1900 - 1930 which was dominated by Lesotho authors and characterized the dominance of the religious and educational ISAs; (2) 1930 - 1960, which saw emerging Sasotho authors in South Africa joining their counterparts in Lesotho, while religion and education remained recurrent themes. This period introduced what came to be known as the makgoweng motif, an aspect of the economic ISA; (3) The period 1960 - 1990, which saw a significant shift from matters ot natronal interest to a variety of social problems or matters of personal experiences rather than national issues. 4.4.2.1 1900 ~ 1930 Dilemong tsena tsa leeto la diqatjwa tsa Sesotho kgopolo e neng e Ie ka sehloohong e ne e Ie Sokeresete Ie thuto ya sekolo. Nakong ena kgatiso Ie phatlalatso ya dibuka ka hohlehohle e ne e Ie tlasa taolo Ie bodisa ba baruti ba Fora ha mmoho Ie ba neng ba sebetsa Ie bona. Sa ne ba sa okamela kgatiso Ie phaUalatso ya dibuka feela, empa Ie tsona rlikol·J :2 thuto ka kakaretso. Molao wa kgatiso Ie phatlalatso ya dibuka seo se ne se 0 reretswe e ne e Ie ho fetolela Ie ho sokollela Sasotho bojakaneng. Tsohle tse neng di amana Ie Mosotho, ke 110 re mekgwa Ie meetlo ya hae ya ho phela e ne e nyediswa Ie ho lahlwa. Ho thwe ke bohetene. Ha e Ie mekgwa Ie meetlo ya bona ya ho phela e ne e Ie yona ya nnete Ie e pakang bodumedi ba nnete. Asante ha a ne a tlo fana ka puo Mokgatlong wa Steve Biko 0 shanofatsa Makgowa sehloohong sa puo ya hae tjena: 135 European ideas no better than those of Africans. (Friday, March 12, 2004. Sowetan:1) Tsohle tse ntle tseo batho ba Yuropa ba kgonang ho di etsa, batho ba Aforika Ie bona ba kgona ho di etsa, etswe Ie pele ba mose ba di etsa, Aforika dj ne di se di etswa. Mohlala 0 mot!le wa hore dibuka tse ngotsweng nakong ena di ne di phehelletse ho sokollela Basotho Bokereseteng, di akga kgahlamelo ya lefotha la bojakane ke buka ya Monono ke Mohodi ke Mouwane ya Everitt 8egoete: Malebaleba: Lefu la rnmele ke ne ke sa Ie hopole haholo, ke ne ke tshaba lefu la ho lahlwa ke Modimo. Ka sokoloha ka bakela mekgwa ya ka, ke ha ke tla nyala mosadi enwa eo re kgothatsanang Ie yena ka thabo e kgolo. Ke thabile hobane ke tshwaretswe melato ya ka kajeno, ke ka baka leo ke la'katsang hore, Ie lia ke se letho, nka mpa ka leka ho etsisa motlJanka wa Modimo, Pauluse, ka paka Evangedi eo ke neng ke sa e tsebe, ke sa e dumele. Ke beiiwe moUatsinyana wa baruti hona mona ho paka Evangedi. Le wena motswalle wa ka Khitsane, hopola hore ke nna ya neng a 0 etelJa pele bobeng, mme 0 ne 0 ntateia mehl'eng eo, kajeno ha ke 0 etella pe'le botleng, dumela 0 ntatele. (1970:67) Maemo ana a ditaba a He a etsa hore benghadi ba hahe meaho ya dikolo Ie dibaka tsa thupello. Sepheo ka ho haha dikolo e ne e se feela ho kenya leallo la ba hafang ka nkatana, empa e ne e Ie ho etsa bonnete ba Ilore dikamano tsa bokapitale di tswella pe:le Ie ho hlokomel:a hore di se shwe. Jefferson Ie Robey (1982: 168 ) ba re Marx 0 re mokgwa wa bokapitale 0 kgothaletsa ho se lekane ha batho kahisanong ya bona. 0 etsa hore ho be Ie dihbpha tse pedi e leng ba ruileng haholo, ba bile ba laola marUD. Sehlopha sa bobedi ke sa batho ba koHang ntsi hanong, ha ba na lentswe ditabeng tse amanang Ie moruo. Ba phela ka ho kgaketswa ke ba ipokelletseng ka maruo. Maemo ana a ditaba a Jata moya ho basebetsi hore ba tsohele bengr ba mosebetsi matla Ie ho leka ho fetola maemo a moruo kahisanong. Tharollo maemollg ana Marx 0 re ke tsela ya bososhiale. Basotho ba pele ba ileng ba furnana 136 thupello Ie ho ba bangodi dikolong tsa baromuwa ke Motolo Ie Segoete, Dibuka tsa bona ke tse late,lang: • Moet. wa Botjhabela - Motolo - (1907) • Pitseng Motolo - (1910) • Monono ke Mohodi k.e Mouoane Segoete - (1910) Ka ha baromuwa sepheo sa bona e ne e Ie hore ba fedise Ie ho bolaya ka hohlehohle mekgwa Ie meetlo ya Seaforika, mme ho rene mekgwa Ie meetlo ya Seyuropa, kgatiso Ie phaUalatso ya dibuka e ne e Ie tlasa taolo ya bona, Ba ne ba beha Ie ho lao!a melao ya phatlalatso. Ke ka baka lena ba ileng ba kgona he lhibela buka ya pale ya Chaka ho ohatlalatswa ho fihlela ka 1925 ka ha ba ne ba dumela hore e kgahlanong Ie sepheo sa bona. 5e totobalang mona ke hore Bokeresete e ne e Ie sesebediswa kapa sebetsa se seholo Ie se matla se neng se sebedisetswa ho lokisetsa Ie ho thapisa Basotho hore ba phetholwe Ie ho hapuwa ke batho ba Bophirimela, Basotho ba teHe ruri, ho bonahale MakQowa. Lena he ke lesedi leo baromuwa ba Makgowa ba neng ba Ie t1iseditse Afarika, e leng ho e amoha seo Mmopi a e bopelletseng Ie sana Ie tseo a e hlohonolotaditseng ka tsana tsa bophelo ba letsatsi ka liang kontinentreng ena. Le hoja ho boletswe hore baruti ba ne ba hlile ba behile melao ya bokolone e thatathata e laolang kgatiso Ie phatlalatso ya dlbuka, Basotho ba nnile oa aHeha ho hatisa Ie ho pha'tlalatsa dibuka tsa bona tseo melao ya boimperiale e nang e di tadima e Ie tse sa lokelang ho hatiswa Ie ho phatlalatswa. Bangodi Ie dibLika tse latelang ke mohlala 0 motle: • Pilso ya Ilinonyana - Sekese - (1924) • lithoko tsa Marena a Basotho- Mangoaela - (1921) • Liphoofolo, Linonyana, Litaol.a Ie lithoko tsa tsona - Mapetla - (1924) • dtsomo tsa Basotho 1& 2 - Jacottet - (1909 & 1911) 137 • Raphepheng - Segoete - (1915) 4.4.2 ..2 1930 ~ 1960 Dilemong tsena. ntshetsopele ya diqatjw8 tsa Sesotho e fetile tlasa kgatello ya melao ya phatla,latso, ho hlaha Ika hare Ie ka ntle ka ha mmuso 0 ne 0 e na Ie I'entswe Ie matla morerong ona. Aforika Borwa e ne e Ie tlasa puso ya kgatello ya Maneshenale. Ho ile ha hlahella bangodi ba dulang Rephaboliki ya Aforika Sorwa. Maneshenale a ile a etsa Ie ho kenya tshebetsong melao e thibang letsatsi, rnme melao ena e bile Ie kgah1amelo e mpe melaong ya kgatiso Ie phaUalatso ya diqatjwa. Maburu Ie Manyesemane e leng Matswakantle ba behela Sasotho beng ba naha melao e ba busang. Melao ya Seaforika e metle Ie e kgemang Ie mekgwa Ie meetlo ya bona ya ho phela, ba e lahlela matjoing. Mona he ke moo boipuso Ie bolokolohi ba bona bo qadileng ho hatakelwa ke Makgawa. Sa kenya tshebetsong melao e kang ena: 1.. Malao wa kabo ya lefatshe wa 1913. 2. Molao wa thuto ya batho ba batsho wa 1953. 3. Malao wa thibelo ya bokomonisil wa 1950. 4. Molao wa tshireletso ya setjhaba wa 1953. Melao ena e ne e sa laole maphelo a batho feela, empa e ne e e na Ie lentswe Ie loma hodima se neng se tshwanetse ho hatiswa Ie ho phatlalatswa kapa tjhe. Le ha diqatjwa di ne di ntse di totobatsa lefotha la Bokeresete Ie thuto, ho bonwa ho hlahella mohopolo wa moruo wa setjhaba ka kakaretso. Letsoku la Hwaelo ya ho ya Makgoweng. Lebakabaka la ho hlaha h,) bitswang Makgoweng ke ka hobane balotsana bana ba ile ba hapa le ho ikaba ka naha, ba sibolla merafo Ie ho haha ditoropo. Sasotho ba hloka lefatshe Ie rnobu 00 ba tlang ho ikgwanUell,a ho wona. Moruo wa bona wa thefuleha ha bohloko. Sa tlameha ho siya malapa a bona ho ya batla bophelo Makgoweng. Mmuso wa Aforika Borwa 0 ntse 0 leka ho kgutlisetsa lefatshe 110 beng ba lona. Ullwa ha ho buuwa ka Makgoweng ho thweng: 38 Bonang hie banabeso ba fumaneng mosebetsi Tonnoro Ii busoa ke Libuseng Ii baloa ke Mantu oa Majara i rna qhobela Maleshoane; Masaeteng ike Morena Phakiso ka be ke itse molele wa motho Jwale 0 mong moleko ke ona; Jwale ke hanetse Makhooeng koana La mme la be Ie sele fihla ho nna setsamaea-naha U khoeli Ii kae rrv1akhooeng koana Ha ke na likhoeli ke bala selemo. (Moletsane; 1983:15 - 16) Mohopolo wa Makgoweng ditholwana tse babang tsa wona ke tsena: Tsena tsohle ke boemo bo bobehadi bo bakilweng ke batho ba Bophirimela ho Maaforika, boemo ba ho senya sebopeho se setle seo Mmopi a re bopelletseng Ie sona. Ma~kutlo Ie mohopolo 0 motle wa Mosotho 0 reng mphemlJhe e a lapisa, molekane motho 0 kgonwa ke sa ntlo ya hae. Makgowa a 0 ntsha ka motso dikelellong tsa Basotho. Ba kenya Ie ho jat,a moya wa ho etsetswa, bokopakopa Ie ho sebeletsa, e leng bofutsana bo hlomolang pel'O. (Motingoe, 2001'.29) Sena se pepesa kgopolo ya hore Mosotl1o ha se moahi wa nako tsohle tulong e tshwaetsweng Makgowa Atorika Borwa, Hape ho se ho ntse ho runyarunya mohopolo wa bokapitale 0 kgemang Ie leano la kgethollo ya mmala tse kgothalletsang hare Mosofho a sebeletse lelea Ie ho mo amoha ho ba Ie seabo moruong Ie nalaneng ya Aforika Borwa. Le kajeno ya bokajeno moruo wa naha 0 matsohong Ie bolaoJong ba sehlotshwana se senyenyane sa batho Ie diemahale tsa Maaforika di a fokola. Ho tletse tsa boKruger, boMalan, jwalojwalo. Ho lebohuwa mmuso ho tlala seatla 0 lekang ka matla hore diemahale tsa bahale ba Basotho di be teng Ie ho rehella dibaka tsa bohlokwa ka mabitso a bona, ho Ila I,e lekgoUa la Motse la Mrnantsopa, Mmila wa Mandela, jwalojwalo. E mong wa bahale 0 kgothaletsa poulelo ya mabitso a bahale ba Basotho Ie nalane ya bona jwana: Never allow your children to forget the names of our heroes and heroines. Teach them the truth and rewrite the collective history of Sault 139 Africa according to our own oral narratives, traditions and sense of values. This is the job of the intehlectuals (Asante; 2004:16) Diqatjwa tse hatisitsweng Ie ho phatlalatswa nakong ena, di phetela batho ka banna ba Basotho ba banyenyane dilemong. Ba sitwang ke ho ikamahanya Ie maemo a metseng!e ditoropong, mme jwale ba tlameha ho menahana Ie ehlala ba kgutlele mahaeng moo ba ileng ba sokollelwa Bokereseteng teng. Ba se ikgathatse Ie ho itshwenya ka ho ipokellela maruo a lefatshe lena, mODutso Ie letlotlo la bona ba tla Ie 'fumana ka mora I,efu lehodimong. Sena se a makatsa ha 0 bona ka moo bona ba ipokelletseng ka maruo a lefatshe la Aforika ekasitana Ie hona kwana mose moo ba tswang teng. Ho na I kgohlano pakeng tsa Aforika Ie Bophirimela kapa pakeng tsa ditaba ts sejwalejwale Ie seholoholo. Diqatjweng tsena ho famva ka mohopolo 0 fosahetseng wa hore mekgwa Ie meetlo ya Aforika ha e a tswella pele, ke matswanakong, e bontsha tshallomorao, Bodumedi ba Basotho ke tumelakgwela le baetapele ba bona ba busa ka mahahapa Ie sehloho. Ba ~ebetse Ie ho iphapanya mahahapa Ie sehloho seo ba ileng ba amana Basotho lefatshe Ie manJO a bona. Ruri tshwene ha e ipone makopo. Mehopolo ena e entse ha hare ha ho ~thutwa diqatjwa tsa Aforika, di ithutwe ka leih~o la Bophirimela, e seng la Boaforika, mrne hona ke bothata ka ha ba ke ke ba utlwisisa. Diqatjwa tse ileng tsa ngolwa dilemong tsena ke tsena: • Arola Naheng ya Maburu - Nqeku - (1942) • Molahlehi - Matlosa - (1946) • Kgauta e Ntjhapile - Lekeba - (1961) Ueepeepe - Mashapela - (1963) • Sebabetsane - Segoete - (1957) • M06adi a Nkhola - Khaketla -(1960) Ii Ho tla ha Lebenya Paballong - Sutu - Mthimkhulu - (1962) 140 4.4.2.3 1960 - 1990 Dilemong tsena [eeto la diqa~wa e bile Ie tlasa melao ya kgatiso Ie phatlalatso e neng e hlaha ka hare Ie ka ntle. Diqatjwa tse ng.otsweng nakong ena dl ne di sa lokela ho pepesa tshekamelo mabapi Ie morabe kapa tumelo e itseng, ho hang di ne dl sa tshwanela ho bontsha le ho jala moya wa ho tsohela ba ka sehloohng matla. Ka bakalena ho bi,le Ie phetoho diqatjweng, ha bonahala mofutswela wa ditaba tse sa reng letho, tse sa amaneng Ie ditaba tsa setjhaba, tse kang bodumedi Ie mekgwa Ie meetlo ya ho phela. Empa dl ne di bontsha diphapang ka malapeng, ho hloka botshepehi, dinlwa pakeng tsa batho, tshotleho ya Mosotho ho tloha ka lehlakeng ho isa a ikela badimong. Ho bonwa bangodi ba sa bueUe setjhaba, empa ba hlahisa maikutlo a bona mabapi I'e sehlooho kapa dihlooho tse itseng. Ha e Ie bangodi ba neng ba ntse ba rata ho ngola ka ditaba tse amanang Ie ditaba tsa seijhaba, ba l1e ba tshwanetse ho ngola Ie ho phatlalatsa diqatjwa ka Senyesemane. Ena e ne e Ie nako ya puso ya Maburu ya leano la kgethollo ya mmala ka melao e thatathata. Mahanke (1993:4) ha a bontsha tshotleho ya ngwana wa Mosotho nakong ya mmuso wa Maneshenale 0 re: Beso, ha ho potang, ntwa e imetse beng ba yona. Ho h,lakile hore bahlabani ba rona ba tseleng ba a kguHa mme ha ba na ho fihla hang, ha ba na ho fihla ba felletse. Ka ha ba Ie dilemo tse balwang ka mashome ba Ie siyo kwano hara rona, re lokela ho etsa mawala wohle ho ka ba 10kisetsa hobane moo ba leng teng ke bathoduwa, ke ekopakopa, ba jakile. Moeti ha a rue kgoho. Ka hona he ho Ie bolokela nako nna :Ie motswalle wa ka Lekgwekgwe, re tla hlophisa hore ho boptjwe komit] e t1a amohela banna bao ha jwale e ntseng e Ie baphaphathehi ba qhalaneng dinaheng tse ka ntle Ie ba ntseng oa hwehla lefifing. Ha re qhalana mona Lekgwekgwe a hie a nkatamele, mosebetsi ona 0 moholo. Diqatjwa tse ilen'9 tsa bonahala nakong ena ke tse lateJang: • ILeshala Ie Tswala Malora - Lesora ·(1963) Le ha Ie ka Ntahla - Monare - (1974) 41 • Peo ena e Jelswe ke Wena - Moephuli - (1982) • Mosikongwa lerato- Mafata - (1988) 4.4.3 Ho kgeswa ha diq,atjwa tsa Sesotho H'a se ntho e patwang hore diqatjwa tsa Sesotho di fetile, e bile di ntse di feta tlasa maemo a ho kgeswa a maholohadi. Ka lebaka lena boemo ba tsona ke bo tiase ha bo bapiswa ~e ba diqatjwa tse ding. Diqatjwa tsa Basotho tsa nnete dj hloka batlale ba nnete ba Hang ho pepesa boaforika bo ka hodimo ho dihlotshwana tsa kgiethollo ya merabe. Ee, diqatjwa tsa Aforrka di lekile ho suthela ho'le Ie Yuropa, ernpa ha di eso atlehe ka ho phethahala, lefothanyana la Boph,irimela Ie ntse Ie Ie teng. Diratswana tse ~atelang mona tlase ke bopaki bo maUa ba ho kgeswa ha diqatjwa tsena. Baruti ba Makgowa ba Fora ba fihlile Lesotho ho morena rv1oshoeshoe Thaba Bosiu ka selemo sa 1833. Ka selemo se hlahlamang sena e leng sa 1834 M:orija ba hloma seteishene sa pele sa boromuwa. Ka selemo sa 1861 ba qala Ie ho theha kgatiso ya dibuka Morija. Ena e bile Kgatiso ya Dibuka tsa Sesotho ya Morija e ileng ya ikgapela setumo, eo Ie matsatsing ana e ntse e sebediswa Ie ho tswe!a Basotho molemo. Moruti Alfred Casal is e ne e Ie mookamedi wa kgatiso ena, a bile a okametse Ie sekolo sa boruti. Ntle Ie Morija Sesotho Book Depot, ho bile Ie dikgatiso tse ding tse hlaloswang ke Maake (1996:158 - 159; 164) jwana: The Paris Evangelical Mission Society established a printing press at Motlja in Lesotho in 1861, following a printing press of 1841 at Beersheba, which was gutted by fire in1848. The Glasgow Mission Society of the Church of Scotland had established a printing press with simi,lar motives in the TyumieValley at Lovedale in the Cape Province in 1823. This press, like Morija, started with the production of religious material. The Arlglican Church later started on a small scale with a pr~l1ting press at Modderfontein in the Orange Free State in 1903, with the publication of Buka ea Merapelo (A Book of Prayers), which followed an earlier edition by Morija... There were already some long ­ established publishing houses in U18 Union of South Africa: De Jager 1142 Haum, van Schaik, Nasionale Pers, Afrikaanse Pers - Boekhandel, and Via Afrika, but initially they did not publish works written in African Languages and Literature, for they were born of second Language Movement, which was part of the trust to liberate Afr,ikaans from its colonial mother tongue in the Netherlands, Dutch, and to establish it as a recognised national language ill South Africa. Moleleki (1993:97) 0 hlaJosa sepheo Ie bomadimabe bo Uisitsweng ke dikgatiso tsa dibuka tsena tjena: Beng ba kgatiso (baruti) ba ne ba batla hore ho phatla[a1swe feela seo bona ba neng ba se ananela. Ba Ie kgahlanong Ie seo ba hopolang hore se thunthetsa Bokeresete. Kgoholeho ya meetlo Ie setho sa Sesotho e qadBe hona mona. Ka mohlomong e ne e se maikemisetso a baruti hoba bona (baruti) ba ne ba mpa ba kg.annwa ke poulello ya tumelo ya bona. Boma.dimabe e bile hore poulello ena ya bona ya tumelo eo ba tlang Ie 'lana, e ne e tshwarahane Ie poulello ya setho sa bona. Ka hona haesonoba setllo se seng sesele se tswile tseleng. Sena e bil,e qaleho ya ho mamaha ha setjhaba ka lehare. Anthe ha e Ie Selepe {1996:81} 'lena mohopolo ona 0 lahlwang jwalo ka moko wa pere 0 0 hlahisa ka tsela ena: Whille the media, including literature, can claim to be autonomous, such autonomy does not imply abso~ute independence of the state machinery. Thus literature or any form of media will finai'ly reflect the ideology of the dominant class or ideological conflict between the dominant class and the subordinate class. In this manner tile material that promotes the 'deology of the dominant class will be freely propagated while the one that tends to be critical of the status quo will be restricted. Ena he ke ntshetsopele Ie lesedi tse neng di tlisitswe ke baruti ba Fora. Ho lahla tsohle tseo Modimo a bopelletseng Basotho Ie tsona Ie ho ba siya ba se na letho. Kajeno Basotho ba koto tse pedi. Ha ba itsebe hore ke Basotho kapa ke Makgowa. Ke Bokgowanatshwana. Hela batho bana ba bakile nye;:;so Ie tshenyo e kgolo bophelong ba setjhaba se setsho. 143 Se hlakang ke hore kgatisong ena baruti ba ile ba hlokomela hore Bibele e fetolelwa Sesothong. NHe Ie Sibele ho ilwe ha phatlalatswa Ie dibuka tse ding tsa bodumedi. Ka lehlohonolo la moteaphala baromuwa ba ile ba elellwa hore t1hoko e kgolo e teng ya hore ngwana wa Mosotho a rutwe ho bala Ie ho ngola. Ka baka lena e ka kgona ho hatiswe mefuta e fapafapaneng ya dipadiso. Buka ya Padiso ya pele ya Sesotho e neng e tsejwa haholo ke Sepelete sa Adama, e il'eng ya hatiswa Ie ho phatlalatswa ka selemo sa 1892. Ka mora Sepel'ete sa Adama, ho jlle ha latel'a Dioadiso tsa Sesotho tse ngotsweng ke Mangoaela: tsona ke Padiso ya bana, Padiso ya pale, Padiso ya bobedi, Padiso ya boraro le Padiso ya bone. Dikahare tsa dibuka tsena di ne di fapane, e ne e Ie tsa bodumedi Ie tseo e seng tsa bodumedi. Diphatlalatso tsena tsohle di hatisitswe ka Lesotho. Ho Uoha ka setemo sa 1939 ke ha bangodi Ie dikgatiso tsa Aforika Borwa tse thibang letsatsi dj hlahella Ie ho fana ka diphehiso tsa tsona. G.H. Franz a phatla'iatsa Buka ya bana ya ho qala ya mophato wa pele, Ie Mmulakgoro ya mopnato wa bobedi. Dibuka tse pedi tsena di ile tsa rF~a sebaka sa Sepelete sa Adama ka ha se ne se se se S8 ,l.a molemo Ie thuso d:;,wlong tsa bana ba Basotho. Ha fumanwa Ie Matima Lenyora ka bana ba boEngelbrech Ie Maile Ie Ntalaise ka Thejane. Dilemong tsa mashome a mane bana babo Khabele ba ile ba pl1atlalatsa Beisang Mabeoane dibuka tsa mophato wa pele ho ya fihla ho wa bohlano. Dibuka tse ding tse ileng tsa hlahella nakong ena ke He Iswela pele ya mophato wa botshelela ho yafihla ho wa borobedi ka M.L. Maile (Moeketsi Ie moifo; 1994:91-94) Kgatiso Ie phatlalatso ya dibuka tse boletsweng diratswaneng tse ka l1odimo, ha di a ka tsa kgeswa ka tshitiso e kaalo ka ha dikateng tsa tsona di ne di kgema Ie maikutlo Ie sepheo sa beng ba kgatiso, e leng baruti ba Makgowa: malkutlo Ie sepheo sa hore tsohle tse leng kgahlanong Ie seo ba hopolang hare S8 thunthetsa Bokeresete Ie ditabatabelo tsa bona tse mpe ka Basotho. Ditabatabelo tsa ho amoha Basotho lefatshe la bona Ie maruo wahle a bona. Ha ho akaretswa tse ding tsa ditaba tseo baruti ba neng ba sa rate ho utlwa lefotha la tsona dlbukeng tse neng :=,: ka dumeJlwa ho hatiswa Ie ho phatlalatswa ho thwe: 44 He described more than 300 Afrocentric schools that have been started in the United States and which receive publ'ic funds. At these schools, cnildren are taught to be proUd of their African history and to engage with reality from different perspectives (Friday, iVlarch 12, 2004, Sowetan 15). Ha ho nnete e fetang ena, hore dibuka tsohle tse neng ci ~ua ka ditaba tsa nalalle ya Basotho di ne di sa amol1elwe. Empa meetlo ya bona (MakgowEi.\ e ne e Ie boshwabotshwerwe. Sa ne ba leka ka matla ohle hore meloko e metsho e t1ang e se ke ya tseba moo e tswang teng ho tla fihla moo e leng teng. Ba thibela hore meloko e tlang ietlotlohadi lena la bokgeleke Ie boqapi ba bonkgono Ie bontatemoholo e se bo fumane. Lenake (1989:19) 0 hlakisa ntllha ena jwana: Sei.elekeleng sa hae, Kunene (1971) 0 re bolella ka moo ba bang ba barutil ba pels ba bj,leng Lesotho, ba tswang mose ho mawatle, ba kileng ba nyefola le ho nyedisa dithoko tsa Basotho ka teng. 0 re supisa ka moo ho sa tsebe Ie ho se utlwisise puo Ie meetlo ya morabe ho ka bang tello Ie bothoto bo makatsang. Taba ena e thatafala Ie ho mpefala Ie ho feta ha baditjhaba bao ba bapisa dithoko Ie dithothokiso tsa bona. Moo Mosofho a nyakaletseng ka ho fetisisa ka baka la molodi 00 a 0 utlwang dithokong, moditjhaba 0 bona bohlanya bo phethahetseng ba batho bana ba t1olattolang jwa'o ka ha eka ke diFltho tse sa tlalang. Ha ba tlo tjeka Ie ho thenthetsa teng, ba hie ba fetohe ana a jang jwang Ie dikgomo. Ba ye fatshe ke ditsheho he mekola ya rona. Diqatjwa tsa Sesotho di hatisitswe Ie ho phatlalatswa tlasa Mokawa wa Tlhahiso 0 Akaretsang (General Mode of Production) wa bokapitalle. Bokapitale ke 'kgopolo e kgothaletsang moruo wa motho ka mong Ie mmaraka o bulehileng, e leng ho bolela hore ho ka ba Ie kgwebo eo mmuso 0 sa itshunyatshunyeng ho yona. Monga yona 0 itsamaisetsa yona ka moo a ratallg, feeta melao e teng e tsamaisang dikgwebo, mme mmuso 0 lebelletse bahle ho e ahela lesaka. Buka e ngolwa ke monga yona; a e fetisetse ho bahatisi Ie baphaUalatsi, mme bona ba e fetisetse ho barekisi ba tiEing ho e furnantsha babadi, e leng setjhaba. Jwale ke hona mona moo ho Hang ho 45 suptjwa dinlhwana tse ngata tse kang dikahare, bokgeleke, boqhetseke Ie tse ding tse lebelletsweng bangodirlg ba dibuka. Oetello ya mokgwa ona e tla ba hore diqatjwa di arolwa dikoto tse pedi, e leng tse boemong bo hodimo Ie tse tlase. Dibuka tse ding di tla ananelwa Ie ho kgothaletswa ho balwa Ie;\wa ke pelo. Maele ana a amana Ie bophelo ba lenyalo. A hlokomedisa Moaforika hore ha ho amohelehe ho nyadisa morwetsana eo a sa mo rateng kapa morwetsana ho newa mohlankana eo a sa mo rateng. Mae./e a ikamahanya I'e maemo a itseng a bophelo, boholo ba ona a bopilwe Ie ho thehwa hodima boiphihlelo bo matla ba Maaforrka ka dilemolemo tse ngata. Ke mohlodi wa mantlha Ie 0 moholo wa leUotlo la Maaforika. Ha ho tsejwe hantlentle hore mothei wa maele ke rnang. ke ka hoo ha ho buuwa ka maele a Sesotho ho yeng ho thwe: Baholoholo ba re kana Sesotho se re .... aaforika ke ditjhaba tseo Mmopi wa bona a ba bopelletseng Ie mmino. Hara ditjhaba tsohle tse teng lefatsheng. Maaforika a hlahelletse ka sehloohong ka mminong. Sa na Ie mefuta e fapaneng ya diletsa e kanQl: lesiba, thomo, moropa, lenaka, harepa, dikgwele, mangenengene Ie tse ding. Maaforika ha a sebetsa, a nyadisa, a etsa motjeko, ha a Iwana Ie ho rapela Modirno 0 moholo ina. MmirlO Ie motjeko wa Maaforika '0 se 0 nametse le dikontinenteng tse ding. Ke ieUotio Ie leholo la moetlo wa Maaforika. Bonano Ie bok9abi di fumaneha ditjhabeng tsohle tsa Maaforika. Mesebetsi ya bonono e kenyelletsa ho kgabi,sa dintho ka sepheo sa ho di etsa hore di be 1541 ntle Ie ho hohella mahlo a batho. Mekgabiso ena e ye e bonahale meropeng, dinkgong, melamung, dirothong, mesemeng, diphoofolong tsa hae Ie mmeleng ya batho jwalo ka ditubatube. Mahaheng ho na Ie mafika Ie mabota a kgabisitsweng ka makgethe. Sepheo se seholo ka bonono ba Maaforika ke ho romela maikutlo Ie moel.elo wa bodumedi. Ka hoo ho ka thwe bonono ke mekgabiso e amanang Ie mekete Ie ditshebeletso tsa bodumedi, e meng e sebedisetswa ho rupella batho mesebetsing e 1apafapaneng. Bodumedi ke karolo ya moetlo 00 Maaforika a 0 sjetsweng ke baholoholo b.a bona. Baholoholo ba bona ba bopelletswe Ie moetlo ana, ha ho moruti wa Lekgowa ya ba rutileng ona. Kgaolong ya botshe'ela phuputso e tla hie e tebe ka ho hlalosa Bodumedi ba Setso. Bodumedii ke letlotlohadi Ie ka hodimodimo ho dikarolo tse ding tsa moetlo wa Maaforika. Bodumedi bo fumaneha matapheng wohle a bophelo. Bo bile Ie seabo se seholo tseleng eo MaaforH'ana Ie mokgwa wa 5.4.20 Theho ya lebitso la Sekeresete Ie 5.4.21 Tshebediso ya difane tse pedi. ke mekenella Sesothong. Ke mekgwa Ie cHtlwaelo tse neng di Ie siyo nakong ya maswetso, baholoholo ba Basotho ba iketseng ho Modimo 0 moholo meahong ha ba tsebe mekgwa ena ya theho ya mabitso. Ke mekgwa etlileng Ie batho ba Bopi1irimela, Ie hona dilemong tsa moraorao tjena. Motingoe (2001:13) ha a hlalosa mokgwa Ie ~ebal/Takgowa ha a fihla mona Aforika a ile a etsetsa Sasotho dibukana tsa boitsebiso tseo e neng e Ie tsa bona feela. Monoa lefatshe 0 ne a tlameha maoto Ie matsoho hore a tsamaye a jere bukana ena, ha a sa e nka 0 ne a lIelwa ke ditshepe, ntho e sehloho. Basotho ba tsamaya ha bohloko lefatsheng leo e leng la bona. E ne e re ha Mosotho a fihla Lefapheng la tsa Lehae a tlilo ho llka bukana ya boitsebiso, ha e ba ha a na lebitso la Sekeresete, ka mantswe a mang a sa kolobetswa, 0 ne a hlalosetswa nore a ke ke a fumantshwa bukana ya boitsebiso, e be jwa'e Mak9'owa a moo a tla mo reha lebitso la Jan ha e Ie manna, ha e Ie mosadi ho thwe ke lettia. Mabitso a tswang ka dila a bona ba ya metseng ya ditoropong Ie merafong ho ya bat/ela ba malapa a bona bophelo. Jwale ke hona mona Makgoweng moo Basotho ba 'leng ba bitswa boDomjan, Boy, Meit. Kaffir, Skepsel, Swartjie, Bla,cky, jwatojwalo. ekgowa Ie ha 0 ne 0 ka Ie bolella leb.itso la hao la Sesotho, Ie ne Ie re ke eng nttlo eo, e be jwale Mosotho 0 tla rehwa lebitso Iia Sekgowa Ie I<:ang Piel, Sara, Ie a mango Bona ba bitswa boBaas, Missus, klein Baas Ie Iklein Missus. Ngwana wa Lekgovva e monyenyane haholo dilemong, ya nkgang letswele 0 ne a bitswa k.lein Baas kapa klein Missus ke Mosotho e moholo, eo e seng Ie thaka ya batswadI ba hae. 5.4.21 Tshebediso ya difane tse pedi Ba.etapele ba Ba,sadi Aforika Borwa: www.guide2womenleaders. com/SouthAfrica . Lenaneng la mabitso Ie difane tsa matona a basadi a palamente ya Aforika BOlf\va a hlahel!ang mona, ho na Ie matona a sebedisang difane tse pedi, e leflg sa moo a tswalwang 'Ie sa moo a keneng ka kgomo teng. Mokgwa wa tshebediso ya difane tse pedi ke mokg'.Na wa moraorao hara Basotho. Lenyalong la Sesotho ho ntshuwa dikgomo tsa bohadi. Dikgomo tsena ke teboho Ie thuso ho batswadi ba morwetsana eo jwa,je a liang ho ya lelapeng labo mohlankana ya batlang ho phedisana Ie vena. I.elapeng Ie letjha leo a yang ho I'ona 0 fetohela sefaneng sa lona, ha e ba 0 tswalwa ha Koekoe, mme a nyalwa ha Motloung. ho thwe ke Mmamotloung. Sana bao a tlang ho ba etsetsa lelapa leo ba bitswa ka sefane sa ha Motloung Sana ke ba kgomo. Mesebetsi, setumo Ie tsohle tseo mosetsana ellwa mmoho Ie bana bao a 11ang ho ba tswala ba di etsetsa lelapa la ha Motloung. Le ha a ka arohana kapa a h!alana Ie monna wa hae, 0 dula a ntse a bitsw Mmamotloung. Matsatsing ana ha ho sa Ie >,valo, morwetsana 0 a nyalwa, a fetohele sefaneng sa mohlankana ya mo nyetseng. E be jwale 0 se a sebedisa difane 2~- tse pedi, sa habo Ie sa moo a nyetsweng teng. Ha ba hlalana kapa ba arohana morwetsana 0 kgutllela sefaneng sa habo. Ka nako tse ding ha di 1Ioha fatshe feela, 0 tla uUwa morwetsana a se a bitswa ka difane tse pedi, e ~eng sefane sa habo Ie sa moo a keneng teng ka kgomo. Mokgwa wa tshebediso ya difane tse pedi 0 bonahala haholo basading Ie barvvetsaneng ba hlahellang ka mahetla set}habeng Ie ba maemong a hodimo a bophelo. Tshebedisong ya difane tsena, ho ye ho qalwe ka sa moo mosadi enwa a tswa'iwang tang, ho qetellwe ka sa moo a nyetsweng teng. Mohlala 0 molle wa ntltla ena ke ona: 1. Dr I F Matsepe - Casaburr~ 2. Dr N C Dlamini ~ Zuma 3, Dr ME Tshabalala - Msimang 4. Ms S D Mthembu - Mahanyele 5. Ms P Mlambo - Nqcuka 6. Ms G J Frazer - Moleketi (Umsebezi; 2002:8 - 9) Matsatsing ana ho bonahala barwetsana kapa basadi ba bang ho hang ba sa sebedise difane tsa moo ba nyetsweng teng. Ha di tloha feela ba sebedisa diifane tsa bona, moh~ala 0 motle mona ke wa mosadi wa poresidente wa pele wa Aforika Borna e hlokang kgethollo ya mmala Nelson Mandela. Mofumahadi wa hae 0 ipitsa Graca Machel e seng Graca Mandela. 5.5 QETELlO Se hlakang kgaolong ena ke hore Basotho ke setjhaba seo Mmopi a se bopelletseng Ie mekgwa Ie meetlo ya sona ya ho phela. Jwalo ka balla Ie beng ba Afonka tsela ya bona ya ho phela e fapane Ie ya Makgowa ao e leng matswakantie. Sena se totobaditswe ke rnekgwa e thibang letsatsi eo ba e sebedisang ho reha bana ba bona Ie ho [theMa mabitso. Ha se patuwe hore mek.gweng ena ya theho ya rnabitso ho totobala Bosotho ba bona, bobona, emelo, seo ba leng sana. Ho teta mona ho ile ha hlaka Ie tsebo e tebileng ya 202 bomodimo eo ba nang Ie yona. Sena se netefaditswe ke ha ba reha bana ba bona mabitso a kang Ramorapedi, Morapedi, Thapelo Ie a mango Mohopolo ona Schipper (1994:4) 0 0 totobatsa tjena: Identity is related to the question of the difference between us and others: a difference in culture, social class, sex, religion, age, nationality, l'iving area, etc. From al'l these different combined identihes, vie'l'/s are developed of Self and Other. As soon as people feel threatened as a g,roup, they attached great importance to their identity. Ho fihleng ha matswakantle dintho di ile tsa senyeha, tsa fetoha. M!akgo\;;i3 a ile a etsa ka mat~a hore makgabane ana a teng thehong ya mabitso a Basottlo a a nyamela. Sena ba se etsa ka ho tokafatsa bokgoba Ie boko!one. osotho ba mo tadima Ie ho rno arnohela e se sebopuwa sa nnete sa Modimo, e Ie e mong wa diphoofollo. Ke ka hoo ba neng ba mmitsa sebata se hlaha, mohetene Ie ya rohakilweng. Mmala 0 motsho wa hae ke kotlo e tswang ho Mmopi. E tla ba mohlanka wa bahlanka wa bona, a ba sebeietse ka thata. Ho kgeswa ha mabjtso a Basotho ao e leng boitshupo Ie tsebo ya bomodimo ya bona ho pepeswa ka tsela ena: At the time of the above event many priests thought it obligatorf to have at least one name of a Saint in baptism. The baptismal registers of that time provided two spaces for the first names. The first space was for the "Christian Names" second for the "Heathen Names." Note the insult albeit not intended. We Africans never had "Heathen Names." We had African names for we are not "Godless or without religion;" we have and had always our traditionali religion. By "Christian Name" I think it was generally meant the name of a Saint chosen in baptism. Please understand me. I am 110t opposed to taking a Saint's name in baphsm. But I argue that this should be done freely. People should enjoy the right of using their "goodf' African names which are not" foreign to Christian sentiments" These names should become the "Christian Names." It may be the sole name chosen. {Makobane Ie moifo wa hae; 1995:145 - 146) .2:03 Ena he ke tshenyo eo e leng sesedi e bakilweng ke Makgowa bophelong ba Basotho. Basotho ha ba ka ba dula fatshe, ba boha ha ngwale e kgiba, ba ile ba ipopa, ba iketsa kgokanaphiri. Ba leka ka matla a maholo ho kgutlisetsa dintho tseo Mmopi a ba bopelletseng Ie tsona. Ba totobatsa ba sa tshabe letha hore Makgowa a ke ke a fetoha Basotho, hobane botle bo fumaneha Basothong: Bosotho ke bohlale I!e mamello. mme Bosotho ke matla. Ka kgutlo tse nne tsa iefatshe Basotho ba ile ba theha mekgatlo e kang ya Negritude, Pan Africanisf Congress, United Democratic Movement, South African Communist Party Ie e mango Mekgatlo ena e ile ya bontsha ka mokgwa 0 motle hare Basotho Ie batho bohle bao motso wa bona 0 leng Aforika ba mmoho, ha ho motho kapa matla a ka ba kgaohanyang, esitana Ie bona bokol'one, Taba ena ya ho utlwelana bohloko jwalo ka morabe 0 Ie mong to ka monwana Ie boitemoho ba seo Basotho ba ~Ieng son a, ba dulang Aforika, ba pa:lehong Ie ba ileng Amerika ho ya etswa makgoba, ke ntho e Ie nngwe, bana ba monna, thari e ntsho. Ketsahalo ena e ne e se feela hore bsng ba lefatshe la Aforika ba kgl.Jtlele ho lona Ie ho Ie busa, Ie se ke la buswa ke melata. Mohopolo 0 neng 0 Ie ka sehloohong! e ne e Ie taba ya hore motso wa Maaforika 0 mong Ie ho kopana ha batho jwalo ka Maaforrka a lefatshe Ie Ie teng e I,eng Aforika. Tse ding tsa dintho tse neng, di Ie bohlokwa letsholong lena e ne e Ie Aforika ke ya Maaforika, phehello ya meetlo Ie mekgwa ya ho phela Ie matla a dipolitike a kopanetsweng ke a 8asotl10. Kopano ya Basotho e ikonka ka dltaba tsa seholoholo, mme e motlotlo ka makgabane a bonkgono )e bOlltatamoholo ba bona. Schipper (1999:101) 0 akaretsa tlho10 ya Maaforika ho ipopeng ha bona Afonka Borwa tjena: The results of 1994 elections marked a new phase in South Africa. What have been achilevements of Black consciousness and what will become of it? Its great achievement, thanks to Steve Biko's inspiring ideas, was to make the majority of South Africans conscious of their own value and dignity. No African man or woman today calls a white person Baas or Missus; nor does a black person quake and shiver at the beckoning c2,1 of the white boss. Not only has the black person psychologically 204 empowered himself, that has humanised himself, he has also extended the hand of liberation to the white person, for the latter has been freed from the suffocating! burden oI been demigod (Sono, 1993:86). Mabitso a kgethoilo ya mmala a boSaas Ie Missus, Ie boBoV Ie Meit a neng a sebedisvva pele ho 1994 a fediswa. Maaforika a mang a hlakola Ie ho fedisa mabitso a Sekgowa a neng a ngotswe ditokomaneng tsa bohlokwa tsa bona. Ba thabela ho bitswa I<.a mabitso a bona a Seaforika. Maaforika a mose ho mawatle le bona ba qalella ho itheha mabitso a Seaforika a tlang ho senoia Boaforika ba bona. Dilemo tse rnmalwa tse fetileng ho na Ie sehlopha se seng se il,eng sa stela Aforika Borwa, Pretoria Yunibesithing ya Aforika Borwa, ho tla tla batlisisa ka metso ya bona Ie ho itheha mab~tso a baholoholo ba bona e leng Maaforika. Difane tsona ba ile ba di tlohela e ntse e Ie tsa Sekgowa. Ntlha ena e kgothalletswa ka mantswe a latelang: You can change your name in the blink of an eye. It is legal for an adult to change his/her name in most countries including USA. The maill requirement j,s simply consistent use ot the new name without fraudulent intent. But for it to be official you would have to obtain a court order or whatever legal requirement for your community. So throw oU that European label that was put on us during the MAAFA (African Holocaust of Slavery, Imperialism, Colonialism and Racism). Reach out and grasp that force that trulv identifies you. Reach out and reclaim your African Name, so when someone addresses you, you know and they know that lhey have just identified a proud person of the African descent (Tne Afrocentric Experience; www.swagga.com/name : leq 1 la 3). Maaforika a tshwanela ho ema ka maoto ba Iwanele ho kgutlisetsa boaforika ba bona, mme e meng ya mekgwa ena ke ho netefatsa hore mabitso a bona ke a senolang boaforika ba bona, ba be ba bitswe ka ona. Ba be motlotlo ha ba bitswa ka mabitso ana jlwalo ka ha kgaolo ya bohlano e fanne ka t1haloso e tebileng ya lebitso, ho Ie reha Ie ho rehana e Ie ha e totobatsa letshwao la bomodimo dingolweng tsa Sesotho, kgaolo ya botshelela e tl'a kolokotjhana Ie Bodumedi ba Setso, 205 90'l 'OlHOSB8I e/\ OW!POwoq B/\ 6uellqe.j. e oqes.j. BSI>jBlll e Blj 81 8 OW!POV\J B/\ 0lnl 81 B>jBqes 'OdnljS.j.loq KGAOLO VA 6 ".QDUMEDI BA SETSO, BOITSH,UPO, SEBAKA LE lULO VA MODIMO 6.1 SElELEKELA Kgaolongena 110 t1a fanwa ka Uhaloso e tebileng ya seo Bodumedi ba Setso bo leng sona. Sena se tla hlakiswa ka ho kolokotjhana Ie dintlha tse latelang: 6.2 Tlhaloso ya Bodumedl ba Setso, 6.3 Qa~leho ya Bodumedi ba Setso, 6.4 Baetapele ba Bodumedi ba Setso, mme ho tla qoHwa 6.4.1 Marena, 6.4.2 Baemedi, 6.4.3 Boramohlongwana, 6.4.4 Dingaka tsa Setso, 6.4.5 Banna (dihlooho), 6.5 Dintho tse thunthetsang Bodumedi ba Setso Ie 6.6 Oetello. 6.2 TLHALOSO VA BODUMEDI SA SETSO Raphepheng: E. Segoete Ditaba tsa ntltla ya 6.2 Ie 6.3 e leng tlhaloso Ie qaleho ya Bodumedi ba Setso Segoete (1983:42) 0 di totobatsa bukeng ena ya hae. 0 bitsa bodumedi bona Borapedi be Basolho ba rpele, ka mantswe a mang pele Basotho ba kopana Ie Makgowa ba ne ba se ba rapela Modimo wa kgale, ba mo rapela ka badimo ba bona. Bodumedi ba Setso bo na Ie mabitso a mmalwa ao bo bitswang ka ona jwalo ka: Bodumedi ba Seholoholo, Bodumedi ba Seaforika, B~Jumedi ta Setho, Bodumedi ba Moetlo, Bodumedi ba Bosetjhaba, Bodumedi ba Tlholeho kapa Bodumedl ba Atorika. Ho hlaloswa ka mokgwa 0 hlakileng hore hobaneng ha bo bitswa jwalo: The religion is referred to as Afrikan and Traditional by virtue of the fact that il has its matrix (roots) ill the continent of Africa (Afuraka), and it is praticed, mainly by the indigenous people as a way of Ufe and tradition. (Koka; 200; :6) 207 Tsebo ya bomodimo ya Basotho e totobatswa kut'lwisisong ya bona ya tlholeho, dimlte, dilegente ekasitan2 'e dingolweng tsa bona tsoh~e jwal'O ka ha ho tla elellweha phuputsong ena yohle. Kgaolong ya boraro ho bile Ie dibuka tsa dipale tse tharo tse ileng tsa manollwa e Ie ha ho pepeswa tsebo ya bomodimo ya Basotho. Ena he :,e tsela eo ho fumanehang tsebo ya bomodimo ya Basotho, ka ha e sa ngolwa dibukeng jwalo ka ditumelo tsa ditjhaba tse ding. Taba ya mongolo !e ya ho bala ke ntl10 e Uileng I'e baruti ba Mafora ka 1833 ha ba tihla Leso~ho. Tsebo ya Ibomodimo e fumaheha dintlheng tsohle tsa bophelo ba 8asotho. Mengwaheng yohle tllmelo e bopile Ie ho ntlafatsa semelo Ie meetlo ya Basotho. E ngotswe bophelong bohle ba bona, e, d~pelong, ba a e phela. Mosotho wa nnete Ie wa mmakgonthe ke eo e leng modumedi wa sebelebele. Basotho ba tsejwa Ie ho ipabola ka tumelo, Ie hona e senyekgenyekge. Setjhabeng se seng Ie se sena sa Aforika ho fumaneha tumelo puong ya bona, mme hore motho a tie a tsebe no utlwisisa bophelo ba lumelo ba sona, 0 tshwanela ho tseba puo ya sona. Setjhabeng se seng Ie se seng ho na Ie basadi Ie banna ba nang Ie tsebo e tebileng ya borapedi ba sona, mme ke bona ba itlhommeng ka pele ho phethahatsa mekete I,e rneetlo ya bodumedi. Batho bana ba ruta ba bang hore Ie bona ba be Ie tsebo ya bomodimo. Seratswana sena se tla ke se lalliele mahlo inUheng tse tharo e leng tlholeho, dimite Ie dilegente ho pepesa tsebo ya bomodimo ya Maaforika. 6.2.1 Tlholeho Mbiti (1975:45) ha a bua ka tsebo ya bomodimo ya Maaforika 0 re: The belief In God may have arisen from people's reflections concerning the universe. We said [ ... ] that African peoples believe the universe to have been created. This presuposes that there was a Creator of the miverse. Tile Creator is acknowledged to be God. People realized at very early date that this was and complex universe must have been someone tllat they came to consider as God. In the same way, people reflected on the enormity and continuity of the ea,rth and the heavens. It seemed to them that the universe must have 208 someone who looks after it, keeps it, sustains it. They concluded that the Creator of the universe must also be the one who keeps and sustains it. Without him there could have been no universe, just as without him the nlverse would have fallen apa Se hlakang mona ke hore Ie Basotho jwalo ka Maaforika ba bile Ie tsebo ya bomodimo e phethahetseng, mme tsebo ena ha ho motho ya tlileng ho bona a ba ruta yona. Ha ba tadima tlholeho eo e leng mahodimo Ie lefatshe Ie tsohle tse ho lona, e be ba tlelwa ke tumel:o ya hore pope yohl.e ha e a itlhahela feela tiena kapa ya iketsa. Ho na Ie E mong kapa matla a maholo a bopileng dintho tsohle. Mmopi Ie Mohlodi wa tsona 0 teng, e I'eng Modimo ka sebele sa hae. Dintho tsohle di tswa ho Vena, di bUe ka Vena. Motho ke sebopuwa se ka seh~oohon9 sa popo yohle Taba ana e Be ya hlaka hantle ha ho ne ho hlaloswa mabitso a fapafapaneng a Modimo kgaolong ya boraro. Ho f,eta mona Modimo jwalo ka Mmopi Ie Mohlodi, ha a qeta ka tlholeho, ha a ka a emella thoko, a Uohella mosebetsi wa matsoho a hae hore 0 ipone 0 tla tswa jwang. Ka mora popo yohle 0 ntse a Ie teng a e na Ie yona. 0 a e baballa J 0 a e hlokomela Ie ho e sireletsa. 0 hlokomela hore e nne e tswelle pele ka mesebetsi yohle eo a e bopelletseng Ie yona. Ka mantswe a mang Modimo ke Mmaballi wa popo yohle ya hae. Dimaka tsa tlholeho di tlasa taolo Ie ditaelo tsa Mae. Ka ha Modimo 0 tadingwa e Ie Mmopi Ie Mmaballi wa popo yohle, Mosotho 0 ipona e S8 letho mahlong a hae, a htoka maHa, a e na Ie meedi Ie dikgaello bophelong. Matia Ie tsebo tsa hae di a haella. Sena se totobatswa ke meeka Ie mehlolo ya tlholeho e kang ya ho reketla ha lefatshe, dipula tsa merwallo Ie tse ding tseo a sitwang ke ho di laola. Taba ena e etsa hore Mosotho a dumele hore ho na Ie E mong e moholoholo ho yena, e, esitana Ie ho lona lefatshe, ya bileng a nang Ie taoto yohle hodima lona. Ka lebaka lena Mosotho o behfle tshepo yohle ya hae ho Enwa ya mo phahametseng hakana. Ha ho pelaelo hore motho dikgaellong Ie bofokoding ba hae 0 hloka thuso ya hae. Matho eo ke Modimo ka sebele sa hae. NUheng ena ho dumeUanwa Ie Mbiti ha ho thwe: 209 Central to the ( ... ] religious ideas is the belief in the multiplicity of the spirits in the universe. The Akan cosmos, like other African peoples, is divided into .• two interpenetrating and inseparable, yet distinguishable, parts" namel:y, the wor,ld of the spirits and the world of the human. The Akan understanding of the spira 'i/';/orld conveniently falls within Parrinder's fourfold classification of categories within Western African Religions, namely the Supreme God divinities or gods, ancestors, and charms or amuletsThe Supreme Being is variously referred to as Onyankopon, Onyame (also spell Nyame), or Odomankoma. Onyame implies the basic idea of Deity as understood in Christian Theology. nyankopon denotes the Supremacy of God, the one Creator Nyame. Odomankoma, denotes the infiniteness of Nyame. Next to Onyame is sase Yaa, the earth goddess, who is responsible for fertility. Asase Vaa, it1 some sense, is also the "custodian of morality and soci'al decorum. the tradi!tional ethical code." In addition to Asase Yaa, tnere IS host of divinities or gods (abosom), capricious spirit entities, believed to be the children of God. These nature spirits are of three categories state of gods. family or clan gods. and gods of the medicine man. Some of the most famous gods are associated with lakes, rivers, rocks, mountains and forests. The continued featuring of a particular god (abosom) in tile religious pantheon of the Akan largely depends upon the abiHty of that abosom to function to the satisfaction supplicants.The Akan esteem the Supreme Being and the ancestors far above the abos (gods) and amulets. Attitudes to the latter depends upon their success and vary from healthy resped sneering contempt and rejection. (larbii; Isq. 'mite, dileger1te Ie dipale ke tse ding tsa mehlodi ya bohlc.kwa eo ho fumal1wang tsebo ya bomodimo ya Basotho ho tsona. Jwalo ka ha ho bonahetse diratswaneng tse ka hodimo, Basotho ba ne ba sa ngole ditaba tsa bona fatshe. Bohlale, boiphihlelo Ie nalane ya bophelo ba ne ba di fetisetsa meJokong e latelang ka ho ba phetela tsona ka malorno. Moleleki (1993:2) 0 hlalosa Ie ho akaretsa mohlodi wa tsebo ya bomodimo ka tsela ena: 10 Di,tshomo ke seo ka SenyeserTIane ho thweng ke " prose narrative" (Bascom, 1965:4). Puong ya Senyesemane, esitana Ie tse ding tse itseng tsa Bophirima; " prose narrative" e boela e aroleha tjena: "myths," " legends" Ie "folktales." Puong ya Sesotho teng ho sebediswa lereo Ie Ie leng ho akaretsa dikarolo tsena tsohle, e leng la DITSHOMO. Le ha e Ie hore ha ho na mareo a Sesotho a qollang d,ikarolwana tsa " prose narrative," nnete ke hore " ditshomo" tsa Sesotho tsona di teng tse ipakahatsang hore di ntse di ka rma tsa kgohlela tlhophjsong tsa Senyesemane ya 4, prose narrative." Dimite, dilegente Ie dipale tsa Sesotho di akaretswa ka ho re ke ditshomo. Ke tsa seholoholo, mme di na Ie boleng ba ho qoqwa. Ke moqoqo okgutshwanyalle 0 phetwang ka hlooho ke motho e mong Ie e mong k sepheo sa hore ba mametseng ba tie ba utlwisise. Batho ba phetang ditshomo ke bonkgono Ie bOr:llatemoholo. Ba di phetela ditloholo Ie ditloholwana tsa bona. Le batho ba baholo ba a di phetelwa esitana Ie ha ba etile. Nako ya ho pheta ditshomo Ie kotsi ya ho se boloke nako ena di hlaloswa ka mokgwa ona: Tsomo Ii ne Ii phetoa ka phirimana kapa bosiu feeta. Ha motho a ne a etsa !Somo motsehare 0 ne a mela manaka, ka Sesotho seo sa masoetso, empa ha a I'okela ho pheta !Somo e ntse e Ie motSehare joalo Ie teng, a sa rate ho mala manaka, e ne e ka khona a '-I'ome lehlokoa kapa mahlokoa hloohong. Bonnete ba taba e ne e Ie hore, ka ha litsomo i monate, ~i ne Ii lIa ba thetsa ebe mesebetsi e mengata e a senyeha. (lesitsi; 1990:67) Ho se ho ntse ho iUhalosa hore ka ditshomo ho ne ho rutwa boikarabelo bophelong, mesebetsi e tla pele, e bohlokwahlokwa. Oitshomo di pheta menlolo e nang Ie bomodimo ka hare. Oi na Ie tjhadimo Ie kutlwisiso ya bophelo ba beng ba tsona e leng mekgv·"ra, melao Ie meetlo. OJ a lemosa , di a fadimehisa Ie ho kgalemela mabapi Ie bophelo ka kakaretso. Diphoofolo feela di hlahella e Ie baphetwa, di mothofaditswe, ka mantswe mang di fil'we diketso tsa batho. Mohlala 0 motle mona ke tshomo ya Phokojwe (Jacottet; 1991 ~16) phokojwe, mmutlanyana, notshi, kgudu Ie tse ding ke baphetwa. Ka nako tse 211 0 ding baphetwa ke batho feela, tshomong ya Reli Ie Retsane (Jacottet; 1990:29 ) e totobatsa baphetwa e Ie bathe mabitso a bona ke Reli Ie Retsane. Balho Ie diphoofolo ba ye ba etswe baphetwa. Lenake (1989: 15-16) tshomong ya Senannapo baphetwa ke batho Ie diphoofolo. Ditshomo tsa Sesotho di na le tsela eo di qalwang ka yona e leng pulo. Pulo ena ke mokawa 00 ya phetang tshomo a ;tshireletsang ka wona. Moetlo ona o mo sireletsa ho bathe ba ka 010 qosang ka ho re tshomo eo a e phetang ha e ka moo a e phetang ka teng. Mekgwa ya pufo ya drtshomo ke ena: Hangata di qaiwa tjena: Ene ere ... ne re ... are e ne ere... Ene e 1e ... Sa re e f'Ie e Ie ... Ho thwe... (Moleleki; 1993:12) Mantswe ao mopheti wa tshomo a bUI.ang ka ona ke sesebediswa s bohlokwa seo ka sana a isang bamamedi ba hae lefatsheng la ditshomo. 0 ba isa nakong ya kgalekgale mehleng ya maswetso, moo diphoofolo di neng di buwa jwalo ka bathe Ie lefatshe la meeka Ie mehloio. Nakong ya ho phetw ha tshomo bamamedi ba re: " QoW' Ena ke karabo ya bona hodima mantswe a mopheti: "Ho thwe." Karabo ena ke bopaki ba hore bamamedi ba tsamaisana leeto lia ho pheta tshomo Ie mopheti. Ba mmoho Ie yena, ba tlamahantswe. Tshorno e nngwe Ie e nngwe ya Sesotllo e na Ie molaetsa wa sehlooho. Molaetsa ona ke tshiya eo tshomo yoh'le e thehilweng hodima ona. Ho JacoUet (1990:56) ho na Ie tshomo ya Ngoana loa Mafura. Tshomong ena ho phetwa ditaba tsa mosadi wa ngwana wa monna e mong ya neng a laetsw hore Ie ka mohla 0 Ie mong a se ke a ba a besa mollo. Ka letsatsi Ie len ~osadi enwa a besa mollo ka ha e ne e Ie mariha ho batao A utlwa motho a re no yena a se ke a besa ka ha a tla qhibidiha.Yaba 0 tswela pele ka ho besa e Ie ha a habile hore motho enwa a tie a hl!ahele. Jwale motho enwa a hla a 212 qhibldiha, mosadi a tshoha haholo, a tlosa mollo, empa ha se ke ha thusa. A ipolaela monna. Se totobalang tshomong ena, ke ho re mohopolo 00 e leng lejwe la motheo la wona ke: Ditholwana tse babang tse tliswang ke ho hloka kutlo. Ngwana we mahanaajwetswa 0 bonwa ka dikgapha, moiketsi ha a lIelwe, ho Ilelwa moetsuwa. Tshomong ho ka ba Ie melaetsa e menyenyane e nyalanang Ie molaetsa We sehlooho. Jacottet (1991 :66) ha a fana ka pinanyana e bang teng tshomong 0 re: Masilo wa mme, ho ya na ya lela l Masilo wa mme, ho ya na ya lela, o ye 0 ivvele mme hae, ho ya na ya lela! o re nokana di t1etse Ie nokana ya Motikwe, ho ya na ya lela! :va hore bonna kapa senna ha se ntho eo motbo a e fumanang e tonositse, e fumanwa Iphatong e se e atametse e behwa Jwana: Bare ba ea naheng e ,Ie motSehare ho hlohlora ,clioaba. 1. Sa khatla Uopo. 2. Sa fora lengetse. 3. Ba sekola lintSi. 4. Sa tlol1a letsoku. 5. Sa lena thetl1ana ya mafitoane. 6. Sa lena morepo. Ba tsamaea ba lahlile matsoele feela. Ha ho bata, ba ne ba apara setipana. (Seemahale; 1990:113) Tsatsing lena ho tlelse dijo e leng nama ya dinku Ie dipodi tse hlabilweng, diphoofolo tsena di bitswa maeba kapa dibelabela Ie majwala, mokete ho entswe wa motonanahadi wa thojane. Ditswejane Ie bohle ba amanang Ie bona ha ba dumellwa ho robala. Ledingwaneng mona ba leta Ie ho retha thojane bosiu bohle. Ha banna ba itokisetsa ho hlaba dinku tse tswang alapeng a di:tswejcme, ditswejane tsena di tsamaera hole kwana maebeng. Ha ba kgutla maebeng ba tumana dinku Ie dipodi di hlab,il\l\le, ba re dinku ke maeba. Ho ka totobatsa hore seo bale ba se bole!ang ha se nnete Lesitsi (1990: 114·) 0 re: Ka hona, ka Sesotho, motho ea leshano, ho thoe 0 jele maeba Ie bale. Bale ba tsohella nokeng ka meso ya letsatsi leo ba itokisetsang ho tswa mophatong, Sa tihla ba tola ka ha ba fafaditswe mmele ka lehlabathe. Metsi ao ba tolang ka ona ngaka ya bona e a sebeditse ka ditlhare e leng thapelo e ba kopelang tsohl'e tse molemo bophelong jwalo ka ha ba tla tswa mophatong. Ketso ena e pepesa letshwao la bomodimo bophelong ba Basotho. Ha ba qeUle ho tola ba kgutlela hae ba teetswe hare ke basadil ba 248 bangata, p;na e tsoha borolara ba phelang Je ho mo amohelalelapeng Ie leholwanyane. 265 6.2.5.6.9 Bodumedi bo kemka menyaka ya bophe~o Bodumedi ba Setso bo tiisa Ie ho keteka bophelo. Ka hara bodumedi bona ho na Ie palo e hodimo ya melao ya ditshebeletso Ie mekete e ketekwang. Tsena tsohle di eketsa keteko ya bophelo. Batho ba a tseba, ba a phela. Ba batla ho keteka tllabo ya ho phela. He be dule fatshe ba phuthile matsoho, e be ba nahana ka bophelo ba sa etse letho. Empa ba etsa ho hong: ba etsa metjeko, ba phetha ditshebeletso, ba bapala moropa, ba a didietsa, ba a keteka. mme tsena ba di etsetsa motho ka mong Ie setjhaba ka kakaretso. Bodumedi ba Setso ha bo tshepise batho bophelo bo monate mose ha lebitla kapa nako e tlang. Ba iketseng badimong ha ba ya tulong e monate kapa e bohloko ho feta ya lefatshe lena la ba utlwang. Se totobalang bodumeding bona ke' ho re: Nako ena ke ya ho keteka bophelo monateng Ie mahl,omoleng, mme ha ho motho ya nang Ie tokelo ya ho hate/la e mong e be 0 ntse a mo thetsa ka ho re 0 tla fumana bophelo bo monate meahong 110 Modimo 0 moholo. le ha Bodumedi ba Setso bo na Ie matla bophelong bona, hona ha ho bolele hore jwale balatedi ba bona ba ka sollaka tmhle mona ba lebelletse ho iphumanela dintho tS€! makatsang. Mmopi 0 bopile batho ka mokgwa 00 bohle ba nang Ie tokelo ya ho phela Ie ho ba Ie seabo ketekong ya bophelo bona. Bodumedi ba Setso bo dumela hore ha ho pheletso ya lefatshe, bophelo bo tswella pele hoyahoile. Matho ke moqhaka wa popo yohle, 0 bopilwe Ie ho behwa boemong boo ke Mmopi. Modimo enwa ke yena hape eo e leng Mohlokomedi wa bophelo ba motho mmeleng Ie moyeng. Ditumelo tse ding di dumela hare balatedi ba tsona ba tshwanetse ho hwatalla Ie ho tlalaka Ie efatshe lena ba Jpatlela pholoso. Sena ha se se dumelwang ke Bodumedi ba Setso. Seabo sa bona ke ho thllsa batho hare ba be kelohloko mabapi Ie lefatshe lesele Ie sa bonweng Ie tshwarahaneng Ie lefatshe lena. hore ho tie ho be Ie dikamano tse mofuthu pakeng tsa bona jwalo ka batho, Mmopi wa bona Ie lefatshe lesele. 266, 6.2.5.6.10 Bodumedi bo pepesa dikgaello Isa motho Molemo wa mantlha wa tumelo ke ho ruta batho hore ba be bonolo, ka ha e Ie bafokodi. E tsebisa batho hore ba bopilwe, Ie hore Ie ha ba keteka bophelo bona, bo bokgutshwanyane, ke ba nakwana feela, mme bo phalla jwalo ka noka. Bodumedi bo ruta batho ho beha tshepo ya bona ho Modimo, Mmopi wa bona. Le ha Bodumedi ba Setso bo beha battlo ka sehloohong sa popo yohle, bo boetse bo ba totoballetsa hore ba na Ie dikgaello. Sena ke sona se ba susumelletsang ho melao ya ditshebeletso, dithapelo, mekete Ie ho tshepela ho Modimo feela. Esitana Ie mal