Investigating waste source separation models in Gauteng: Private sector versus co-operatives

Abstract

Globally, the rapid rate of urbanisation, growth in populations and changing consumption patterns have significantly contributed towards increased municipal solid waste (MSW) generation. The rising costs of managing existing landfill sites and their related pollution, combined with the imminent depletion of landfill airspace capacity, have directed policies and strategies (internationally and in South Africa) towards waste diversion from landfill sites. The waste management hierarchy promotes re-use, recycling, recovery and treatment of waste as preferred alternatives to landfilling. Source separation of waste plays a crucial role towards implementing the waste management hierarchy. This research aims to investigate the effectiveness of waste source separation models in South Africa, focusing on the northern parts of the City of Johannesburg, Gauteng as a case study. The research specifically focuses on (source separation) private companies and co-operatives located in the three regions of the City of Johannesburg. To evaluate the effectiveness of these source separation models, five key performance areas (KPAs) and related key performance indicators (KPIs) were developed, based on a review of academic literature and legislative requirements related to waste source separation. A survey questionnaire was employed to gather information related to the KPIs from three co-operatives and three private companies. Performance evaluation scores (A–C) were assigned to indicate each waste separation model’s performance against the evaluated KPIs. Overall, the private and co-operative waste source separation models effectively made provision for a working environment that promoted equality, personal growth and development (KPA 4). The co-operative waste separation model was more effective in making provisions for a lawful and safe working environment (KPA 3), whereas the private model was more effective in ensuring the separation of sufficient quantities and quality of recyclable waste (output) at an acceptable level of resources (input) (KPA 1). Both models were, however, ineffective in making provisions for a working environment with sufficient capacity, infrastructure and machinery (KPA 2), and promoting public involvement through communication, education, and awareness (KPA 5). Reflecting on the recommendations for improvement, it is clear that having access to adequate infrastructure, machinery, and weighbridges is critical in undertaking effective source separation activities. Furthermore, additional provisions need to be made to ensure sufficient human capacity, compliance with legal requirements, and improved communication with waste generators through customised awareness and educational programmes. Based on the lessons learned from private and co-operative waste source separation models, it is recommended that this research be duplicated in other South African municipalities with other types of waste source separation models, in addition, to expanding the geographic area to provide further insights.