A critique of the San Damiano Crucifix : its influence on the spirituality of St. Francis of Assisi

Abstract

The aim of this thesis is to place the San Damiano Crucifix in its rightful position within Franciscan spirituality. It begins with the historical background of St. Francis of Assisi’s spirituality, followed by a short synopsis on the use of crosses and crucifixes as symbols of Christianity, especially focusing on the Syriac/Greek tradition. A detailed critique of the major commentaries on the San Damiano Crucifix follows. This is a critique of books, articles, internet sources, and personal interviews. The differing views are evaluated and discussed in full and conclusions are made. This crucifix shines out as an illustration of the death, resurrection, and ascension of Christ through depiction and through symbol. The most important feature is the compassion shown through Christ’s eyes which look lovingly at the onlooker. This blood-splattered crucifix gives the message of a Saviour who suffered but whose blood cleanses, revives and unites to bring individuals into his Kingdom. Christ’s blood is sprinkled over the characters on this icon. The conclusion is that the icon is giving a eucharistic message. It is an icon of love, peace and joy, with its triumphal message of life overcoming death. St. Francis of Assisi was greatly moved when praying before this crucifix in the church of San Damiano where he had a vision that it spoke to him and instructed him, “Go rebuild my house; as you see it is all being destroyed.” The crucifix is full of many theological truths which St. Francis incorporated into his thinking, his theology, and his writings. It is argued that these influenced his spirituality and became the core of his being. The different elements of Franciscan spirituality are examined in the light of St. Francis and the San Damiano Crucifix. Further research is needed in that a more thorough examination of the San Damiano Crucifix is required by expert forensic scientists, expert iconographers, and art historians specialising in the transitional period between Eastern and Western art in the twelfth century. This would enhance academia’s knowledge of the crucifix and confirm the influence it had on St. Francis and his spirituality without neglecting the personal individual meditative element of praying before an icon.