Synthesis of cesium, sodium and nitrogen derived titanates using the Pechini sol-gel method

Abstract

Cesium and sodium titanates with the respective stoichiometries of CsxTi2-x/4□x/4O4 (x ≈ 0.7) and Na2Ti6O13 was synthesized by making use of the Pechini sol-gel method. Direct intercalation of hydrazine hydrate in cesium and sodium titanates proved unsuccessful with the direct intercalation of ammonium into cesium titanate achieved. The protonated form of cesium titanate was successfully intercalated with hydrazine hydrate. Findings of the structural properties of the various titanates obtained from X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier-Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy are presented