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dc.contributor.authorHakala, Simo
dc.contributor.authorVakkari, Ville
dc.contributor.authorAlghamdi, Mansour A.
dc.contributor.authorPaasonen, Pauli
dc.contributor.authorKhoder, Mamdouh I.
dc.date.accessioned2019-09-09T12:53:39Z
dc.date.available2019-09-09T12:53:39Z
dc.date.issued2019
dc.identifier.citationHakala, S. et al. 2019. New particle formation, growth and apparent shrinkage at a rural background site in western Saudi Arabia. Atmospheric chemistry and physics, 19(16):10537-10555. [https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10537-2019]en_US
dc.identifier.issn1680-7316
dc.identifier.issn1680-7324 (Online)
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10394/33292
dc.identifier.urihttps://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/19/10537/2019/acp-19-10537-2019.pdf
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10537-2019
dc.description.abstractAtmospheric aerosols have significant effects on human health and the climate. A large fraction of these aerosols originates from secondary new particle formation (NPF), where atmospheric vapors form small particles that subsequently grow into larger sizes. In this study, we characterize NPF events observed at a rural background site of Hada Al Sham (21.802∘ N, 39.729∘ E), located in western Saudi Arabia, during the years 2013–2015. Our analysis shows that NPF events occur very frequently at the site, as 73 % of all the 454 classified days were NPF days. The high NPF frequency is likely explained by the typically prevailing conditions of clear skies and high solar radiation, in combination with sufficient amounts of precursor vapors for particle formation and growth. Several factors suggest that in Hada Al Sham these precursor vapors are related to the transport of anthropogenic emissions from the coastal urban and industrial areas. The median particle formation and growth rates for the NPF days were 8.7 cm−3 s−1 (J7 nm) and 7.4 nm h−1 (GR7−12 nm), respectively, both showing highest values during late summer. Interestingly, the formation and growth rates increase as a function of the condensation sink, likely reflecting the common anthropogenic sources of NPF precursor vapors and primary particles affecting the condensation sink. A total of 76 % of the NPF days showed an unusual progression, where the observed diameter of the newly formed particle mode started to decrease after the growth phase. In comparison to most long-term measurements, the NPF events in Hada Al Sham are exceptionally frequent and strong both in terms of formation and growth rates. In addition, the frequency of the decreasing mode diameter events is higher than anywhere else in the worlden_US
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherEGUen_US
dc.titleNew particle formation, growth and apparent shrinkage at a rural background site in western Saudi Arabiaen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dc.contributor.researchID33371210 - Vakkari, Ville T.


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